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Anti-Aging Medicine: Sup Notes 3a | 3b

Rejuvenation via Cyclic Telomerase Activation (7)

Phase I: For 0 < t < 57.967123 = t0, B = 1,
Model Age = Bt.
Phase II: For 57.967123 < t < 64.3, B = - 5.2 years/yr,
Model_Age = B(delta_t) + t0 = (B/12)N + 57.967123,
N = 1, 2, 3,...,76 months, using astragalus extracts.
Phase III: For 64.3 < t < infinity, B = 0,
Model Age = 25.
Press for Age Transformation.

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Highlight Links 3a
[74s] Hair Loss, TERT, Saw Palmetto with Beta-sitosterol, Finasteride, Dutasteride, & PABA.
[75s] Carbonylation of Proteins.
[76s] Nanomedicine.
[77s] Microglia in the Aging Brain are telomere-limited, subject to replicative senescence.
[78s] Jekyll-Hyde Formulas for Life Extension, including Turmeric with Pepper, Cocoa powder drinks, Wasabi, and Astragalus.
[79s] Rejuvenation to produce anti-aging transformations.
[80s] Notes on The Anti-Aging Solution by Giampappa, Pero, and Zimmerman.

Highlight Links 3b
[81s] Life Extension via Telomere Extension in Vivo, with Cells that Respond to Telomerase Gene Transduction.
____Telomerase Inhibitors.
____Telomerase Activators.
[81s/6b] Astragalalus-based small-molecule telomerase activators and others.
[81s/6d] 230 base pairs of telomere growth per 3 months of treatment with TA-65. - TA Sciences, Greta Blackburn letter.
____More Telomerase Activators.
____Telomere Measurement.
____Telomerase Expression Measurement.
[81bs] Senile purpura.

[81s] Life Extension via Telomere Extension in Vivo. It seems that a cure is on the horizon for every mechanism of cellular senescence that we know of. However, unless we lengthen our telomeres with telomerase activation, we will be up against a brick wall, because the telomere-shortening mechanism will eventually destroy the epithelial cells, the lymphocytes, the bone marrow, the lining of the colon, and the microglial cells in the brain that clean out cellular garbage there.
For products to extend telomeres with telomerase activation, see Geron (article), TA Sciences, Telomolecular Nanotechnology, Phoenix Biomolecular, and Sierra Sciences. See also Telomolecular Nanotechnology's Science Library on applications to Aging. Also see Are Telomeres the Key to Aging and Cancer? from the University of Utah, with charts, photos and illustrations of telomere-related diseases, Telomere Shortening and Aging by H. Jiang, Z. Ju, and K. L. Rudolph (2007), and Telomere Remodeling with Cyclic Telomerase Activation.

Cells that Respond to Telomerase Gene Transduction with Improved Replicative Capacity, Function, and/or Resistance to Stress by Organ System [See Geron Report] include:
Bone: Osteoblasts. [Images, Books].
____Telomeres are shorter in old osteoblasts, and osteoblast dysfunction is characteristic of osteoporosis. Osteoblasts replace the skeleton in about 10 years, while osteoclasts destroy old material. (M.Fossel, p.183). "When human bone marrow stromal cells are transfected with hTERT, they show increased telomere lengths and continue to proliferate at even 10 times the normal number of population doublings." (M.Fossel, p.188).
Brain and the nervous system: Neurons [Images, Books] and neural progenitors [Images, Books].
Breast: Mammary epithelial cells. [Images, Books].
Connective tissue: Chondrocytes. [Images, Books].
___Chondrocytes senesce in arthritis, and should be treatable with telomerase activation.
Endocrine system: Adrenocortical cells. [Images, Books]
Gum tissue: Gingival fibroblasts. [Images, Books].
Heart: Cardiomyocytes. [Images, Books]
___Replacement of cardiomyocytes may take place from stem cells or through cell division after myocardial infarction. Most cardiovascular disease is caused by endothelial and vascular cell problems. The most efficient point of intervention in associated human atherosclerosis is apt to be telomerase therapy. (M.Fossel, p.178).
Immune system (normal): Cytotoxic T cells. [Images, Books]
___Immune senescence is thought to cause cancer surveillance to fail in the elderly. Note that stem cells express telomerase upon stimulation, so that the immune system cells are less likely to fail under environmental challenges than other cells. Memory T-cells have shorter telomeres than T-cells without immune memory. (M.Fossel, p.194). CD28 expression is required in T-cells for stimulated expression of telomerase. 40% lack CD28 in centenarians, 1% in newborn. "IL-7 appears to stimulate and control telomerase expression in T-cells..." (M.Fossel, p.198.) In T-cells after telomerase induction, telomerase shows an increase in expression within 24 hours and extending up to 72 hours after stimulation..." (M.Fossel, pp. 200-201).
Immune system (impaired, e.g. HIV/AIDS): Cytotoxic T cells. [Images, Books, article1, 2]
Liver: Hepatocytes [Images, Books], cholangiocytes [Images, Books, Saki liver? article]. Normal human hepatocyte telomeres shorten by 55 bp/year, a rate which decelerates in middle age. An absence of telomerase may cause cirrhosis of the liver, and telomerase expression reverses liver cirrhosis. (M.Fossel, p.269).
Muscle: Skeletal myocytes. [Images, Books]. Replacement monocytes in muscle derive from a reserve of stem cells or myoblasts. (M.Fossel, p.256). These cells may senesce and thus benefit from telomerase activation.
Ovary: Surface epithelial cells. [Images, Books].
Pancreas: Ductal stem [Images, Books] or precursor cells [Images, Books].
Eye: Retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells. [Images, Books]. Senescent retinal epithelial cells show increased lipofuscin both in vivo and in vitro. (M.Fossel,p.280) Age-Related Macular Degeneration - AMD - is the retinal pathology sometimes involving senescent retinal epithelial cells that is the leading cause of blindness in developed nations. Vascular damage to the elderly retina is often involved. Thus AMD may be treatable with small molecule telomerase activators. The cornea is made of of keratocytes (fibroblasts) and includes sensitive nerve endings. It's cells may senesce, leading to cataracts that can be treated with carnosine and perhaps with small molecule telomerase activators. Glaucoma, on the other hand, is caused by pressure between the cornea and lens that sometimes originates in atherosclerosis, often having its origin in the senescence of vascular epithelial cells treatable with small molecule telomerase activators. Diabetes is a risk factor in most of these eye conditions, probably because the associated hyperglycemia elevates glycation, Maillard reactions, AGEs, and an associated elevation in free radical activity that attacks tissues and leads to inflammation. "There is good circumstantial evidence that senescent cells are present in vitro in the older eye.... In the lens, ocular keratocytes senesce." (M.Fossel, p.279)
Uterus: Endometrial stromal cells. [Images, Books].
Skin: Keratinocytes [Images, Books], fibroblasts [Images, Books], microvascular endothelial cells [Images, Books], melanocytes [Images, Books].
Vasculature: Endothelial cells [Images, Books, senescence of] , smooth muscle cells [images, Books].
____"Cells in areas of high vascular stress showed telomere shortening prior to vascular disease onset." and "death due to atherosclerosis often occurs in progeric children with short telomeres". (M.Fossel, p.168). Endothelial cell senescence is believed to underlie atherosclerosis; some causes of endothelial senescence include toxins, hypertension, lipids, and hyperglycemia. (M.Fossel, p.168). Senescent arterial endothelial cells may be returned to the youthful phenotype by hTERT immortalization. Senescent endothelial cells show increased monocyte adhesion aggravated by heightened TNFα levels, together with lessened eNOS and NO activity. Hyperglycemia alters lipoproteins, forming AGEs and lipoprotein complexes, altering the NO pathway, and leading to elevated homocysteine levels that attack the vascular epithelial cells. Note that homocysteine also promotes telomere erosion and other cellular senescence markers in human in vitro vascular epithelial cells; hypertension does further damage to these cells.
Other: Mesenchymal [Images, Books] and hematopoietic stem cells [Images, Books].
___Telomerase is expressed in hematapoetic stem cells via cytokine stimulation, showing a low level of telomerase activity incapable of maintaining lifelong stable telomere lengths; hematapoetic stem cell telomeres erode over time. In general, stem cells express telomerase more than other somatic cells and less than germ cells, and should benefit by telomerase activation. (M.Fossel, p.197).
- After Bioexchange Biotechnology News.
Most human cancers are epithelial and genomic stabilization with telomerase activators may prevent cancer. "...telomeric expression with cell immortalization should lower intracellular risk of malignant transformation by stabilizing the genome." (M.Fossel). On the other hand, "...telomere shortening and senescence may increase risk of carcinogenesis independently of immune system aging." (M.Fossel, p.120). Finally, "telomerase increases genetic stability, arguably lowering risk of clinical malignancy." (p.121).
Lungs: Human fetal lung fibroblasts grown in culture divide about 50 times [article].
Kidney: Telomeres in the human renal cortex shorten by about 29 bp per year, and medullary telomere shortening is less than in the cortex. The glomular filtration rate of the kidey is proportional to (140 - age in years); caloric restriction reduces renal epithelial cell senescence in mice. High-protein diets can induce glomular damage and restrition of protein in the diet is protective. DHEA may benefit renal cells. (M.Fossel, p.247-250).
Gastric Mucosal Cells show a loss of 46 bp/year. (M.Fossel, p.267). Large and small intestine cells demonstrate telomere shortening; it seems related stem cells in gastrointestinal crypts (crypts of Liebes.) may become more numerous with age.
Esophogal mucosa: These cells have telomeres that shorten at about 60 bp/year, and could therefore benefit from telomerase activation. Esophagal stem cells seem to exist. (M.Fossel, p.267).
Colon Mucosa: Telomerase-positive stem cells may present within the colon, the cells of which show telomere shortening with age. Ulcertative colitis (an inflammatory condition) seems to result from telomere shortening leading to end-to-end telomere fusions and chromosomal instability. (M.Fossel, p. 268). Note telomere base pair loss is 44 bp per year in the colon mucosa. (M.Fossel, p.107).
Music[2]: Selections from All That Jazz.

Senescence-Based Diseases and Associated Cell Types - after Sierra Sciences/Disease.
DiseaseSenescent Cell Type
Cardiovascular Disease [Books]Endothelial Cells [Books, Links, Images, Images/senescent endothelial cells]
Alzheimer's Disease [Books]Glial Cells [Books, Images]
ProgeriaMultiple Cell Types [Wiki, Images]
Osteoporosis [Books]Osteoblasts [Links, Images]
OsteoarthritusChondrocytes [Images]
AIDS & Immunosenescence [Books]CD8 + T-Cells [images]
Macular DegenerationRetinal Pigment Epithelial Cells [images]
Hepatic CirrhosisHepatocytes [Image]
Skin AgingFibroblasts [Images]
Note that runaway cancer cell proliferation may be halted with telomerase inhibitors unless the telomerase is produced by the ALT mechanism. There also exist diseases based on unicellular parasites with linear chromosomes and a telomeric mechanism that might be used to halt proliferation if inhibited with telomerase inhibitors. These include malaria (telomere is TTTAGGG repeats, as in Arabidopsis-type flowering plants), African sleeping sickness, amoebic colitis, amoebic dysentry, amoebic abcesses, and fungual diseases. (Fossel, p.123).
See also Michael B. Fossel, Cells, Aging, and Human Disease, Oxford U. Press, 2004, and
Judy M. Y. Wong, Kathleen Collins (2003). Telomere Maintenance and Disease, the Lancet.

Stem cell replacement strategies with infant cord blood or cultured adult stem cells with telomeres externally re-extended can help in this domain, but what we seem to need is a small molecule telomerase activator taken sublingually under the tongue or perhaps one we can swallow like a pill, with subsequent measurement of telomere length to verify that we have got the job done without overdoing it and defeating our innate anti-cancer trick of chewing out sick run-away cells with telomeres of finite length. Note that telomerase is not a cancer-causing oncogene. Treatment for telomere extension using telomerase activation should probably be periodic, and not continuous, however. When we are treating ourselves to extend our telomeres with telomerase activators we should restrict our ingestion of telomerase inhibitors [Papers]. See Telomere Remodeling with Cyclic Telomerase Activation for how this may be done.

Telomerase Inhibitors [Links, Books, Papers, LifeExtension, article].
Also see Tsutomu Akama, Ryan Holcomb, Richard L. Tolman, 2000: Geron Patent, Telomerase Inhibitors and Methods of Their Use, Patent number: 6452014, Dec.22, 2000, and Alison C. Chin, et.al, 2000: Geron patent, Telomerase inhibitors and methods of their use, June 2000.
Telomerase inhibitors include:
(A) Common telomerase inhibitors:
__(1) Curcumin [Links, Papers, Books; Wikipedia/curcumin]. See Mayank Singh and Neeta Singh, (2009), Molecular mechanism of curcumin induced cytotoxicity in human cervical carcinoma cells, Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Volume 325, Numbers 1-2 / May, 2009, Pages 107-119.
__(2) Resveratrol [Papers, Links], is also a small molecule sirtuin activator, famously life-extending. See LifeExtension/Resveratrol, Terraternal/Resveratrol, RevGenetics/Resveratrol.
__(3) Quercetin is a telomerase inhibitor [Links, Books] and a small-molecule SIRT1 activator.
__(4) Melatonin Melatonin. [Papers/melatonin as a telomerase inhibitor, Links], famously life-extending. See LifeExtension/Melatonin, Terraternal/Melatonin.
__(5) Green tea. [Links/green tea as a telomerase inhibitor, Books, Papers, Naasani article].
_____EGCG (Epigallocatechin Gallate) in green tea. (Papers/Naasani, et al, 1998).
__(6) Unsaturated vitamin E, tocotrienol. [article, Links, chapter]
__(7) Garlic's allicin from crushed garlic is telomerase-inhibiting. [Papers/garlic as a telomerase inhibitor, Links].
__(8) EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid, one of the fatty acid components of SQDG and primary component of fish oil. [article].
__(9) Silibinin (a major component of silymarin) from Milk Thistle inhibits telomerase in prostate cancer cells. [Papers].
(B) Relatively exotic telomerase inhibitors:
__(10) G-quadruplex ligands.
__(11) Peptide nucleic acids. [Links]
__(12) 2’-O-MeRNA oligomers. (LifeExtension)
__(13) BPPA. BPPA. [Links].
__(14) Exotic telomerase inhibitors used in cancer research, such as BIBR1532 {2-[(E)-3-naphtalen-2-yl-but-2- enoylamino]-benzoic acid} and BIBR1591.
__(15) Lesser-known telomerase inhibitors, such as Geron's GRN163L. [Geron, Cancer News, molecular image].
__(16) Sulfoquinovosyldiacylglycerol (SQDG), distributed in plants and seaweeds. [article]
__(17) Rhodacyanine FJ5002. [article, Links].
__(18) Cationic 5,10,15,20-tetra(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin (TMPyP4). [article].
__(19) AZT, used in AIDs therapy and anti-cancer therapy. AZT inhibits telomerase.
__(20) TRT antisense oligonucleotides, both DNA and RNA. [Geron Patent]. This includes antisense telomeric RNA.
__(21) Chimeric oligonucleotides.
__(22) RHPS4 [Links], Small-Molecule Pentacyclic Acridines like RHPS4 are very potent telomerase inhibitors. RHPS4 is used in anticancer therapy.
__(23) BIBR1532 [Links, Papers], the most promising anticancer small molecule telomerase inhibitor described up until 2002, from Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma (Damm et al., 2001; Pascolo et al., 2002). BIBR1532 is a synthetic non-nucleosidic telomerase inhibitor disrupting telomere maintenance in tumour cells "by inhibition of the processivity of telomerase through a non-competitive mechanism", similar to that mediated by inhibitors of HIV1 reverse transcriptase.
__(24) Ginsenoside Rh2 is a telomerase inhibitor. [article].
__(25) Green marine algae extract [Links, Papers] shows strong telomerase inhibition properties. [article].
__(26) Gambogic Acid [Links, Papers] inhibits Human Telomerase Reverse Transcritptase Gene Expression. "Gambogic acid (GA), a major active ingredient of gamboge resin, obtained from Garcinia hanburyi tree (Fam. Guttiferae), is an effective telomerase inhibitor and exhibits potent anti-cancerous activity both in vitro and in vivo." Reference: Guo. Q.L., Lin. S.S., You. Q.D., Gu. H.Y., Jun Yu., Zhao. L., Qi. Q., Liang. F., Tan. and Z., Wang. X. (2006). Inhibition of human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene expression by gambogic acid in human hepatoma SMMC-7721 cells. Life Sciences 78: 1238-1245.
__(27) Retinoic Acid [Links; Links/retinoic acid telomerase] has been reported to down-regulate telomerase by Z Ding, AG Green, X Yang, G Chernenko, SC Tang, et al., Retinoic Acid Inhibits Telomerase Activity and Downregulates Expression but Does Not Affect Splicing, Experimental Cell Research, 2002. [Papers/Retinoic acid and telomerase activation]. However, retinoic acid was reported to maintain telomerase activity in human oral keratinocytes [You, et al., 2000, according to Michael Fossel, Cells, Aging, and Human Disease, p.158.].
__(28) Beta-lapachone inhibits telomerase expression in prostate carcinoma cells.
__(29) Interferon-alpha down-regulates telomerase activity [Xu, et.al, 2000, Blood].
__(30) hTERT transcription factors [Links, Books, Papers, Patents] down-regulating hTERT, including E2F-1, Mad1, TGF-β, and Menin. See Shuwen Wang and Jiyue Zhu, 2004: The hTERT Gene is Embedded in a Nuclease-resistant Chromatin Domain, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol 279, No.53, Dec.31, 2004, pp 55401-55410.
__(31) Korean Red Ginseng Extract [Links/Korean Red Ginseng Extract, Books, Papers, Patents]. See Park SE, Park C, Kim SH, Hossain MA, Kim MY, Chung HY, Son WS, Kim GY, Choi YH, Kim ND (2009), Korean red ginseng extract induces apoptosis and decreases telomerase activity in human leukemia cells., J. Ethnopharmacol. 2009 Jan 21;121(2):304-12.
__(32) 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2 [Links/15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2, Papers]. See Moriai M, Tsuji N, Kobayashi D, Kuribayashi K, Watanabe N, (2009), Down-regulation of hTERT expression plays an important role in 15-deoxy-Delta12,14-prostaglandin J2-induced apoptosis in cancer cells, 1: Int J Oncol. 2009 May; 34(5): 1363-1372.
__(33) Berberine [Wikipedia, Links]. Berberine inhibits telomerase [Links/Berberine inhibits telomerase].

Telomerase Activators (including list pointers and an alphabetical index) [Links, Books, Papers; Links/small molecule telomerase activators, Books, Patents,] - Many of these are experimental or available only as "chemicals" or experimental drugs and not yet widely available for phamaceutical applications. Some are dangerous, others are safe enough to use.
Small molecule telomerase activators [Links] include:

List Pointers for Telomerase Activators under Investigation

(1) Epithalon peptide, (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly). Injectable. Discovered in 2003.
(2) Tricostatin A. Injectable. Discovered as telomerase activator in 2000.
(3) Interleukin 2. Injectable.
(4) TAT0002 (Geron). (Probably orally bioavailable cycloastragenol, common alglycone of the astragalosides, 2005).
(5) GRN139951 (Geron). (Probably orally bioavailable astragaloside IV. Telomerase activator in 2005.)
(6) GRN140665 (Geron). (Probably orally bioavailable cycloastragenol, or Geron TAT0002 or TA-65. 2005)
__(6b) TA-65 (TA Sciences). (Orally bioavailable GRN-665, Probably cycloastragenol, or Geron TAT0002. 2007.)
__(6c) astragaloside IV. Orally bioavailable, announced in 2005.
__(6d) cycloastragenol. Orally biovailable, announced in 2005.
__(6e) astragenol. Orally bioavilable, announced in 2005.
__(6e) astragaloside IV 16-one. Orally bioavailable, announced in 2005.
__(6f) 2OR,25S-epoxy-3β,16β,25-trihydroxy-9β-methyl-19-norlanost-1,5-diene.
__(6g) cycloastragenol 6-β-D-glucopyranoside.
__(6h) cycloastragenol 3-β-D-xylopyranoside.
__(6e) Ginsenoside RH1. Orally bioavailable. Announced in 2005.
(7) EST1, for yeast.
(8) HGH, Human Growth Hormone.
(9) IGF-1.
(10) Estrogen.
(11) Bisphenol A (BPA).
(12) Other histone deacetylase inhibitor possibilities.
(13) TAC1 with auxin.
(14) STAT3.
(15) Raloxifine. (orally bioavailable Evista from Eli Lilly).
(16) Ecdysone. An insect hormone.
(17) Saquinavir. (Invirase [Roche Invirase]) an anti-HIV drug and protease inhibitor.
(18) Cimicifuga Extracts. C. racemosa (black cohosh) extracts and other Cimicifuga extracts.
(19) CGK 1026. CGK 1026 derepresses hTERT expression. Used in therapy to replace Tricostatin A.
(20) Heat shock proteins. Heat shock proteins like Hsp90 mediate telomerase assembly.
(21) Nitric Oxide.
(22) 5-azacytidine. (DANGER: may promote prostate carcinomas).
(23) CGK733. Revives senescent cells, but not a true telomerase activator.
(24) HIF-1. Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1).
(25) Mre11. Mre11 protein.
(26) Ependymin Peptide. From goldfish brains: sequence ESCKKETLQFRKHL.
(27) Protein kinase C.
(28) Retinoic acid. [Now believed to inhibit telomerase.]
(29) DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) .
(30) Epidermal growth factor EGF.
(31) Surface Ig .
(32) IL-7, Interleukin-7, appears to stimulateS expression of telomerase within T-cells.
(33) IL-15, Interleukin-15 stimulates telomerase in T-cells.
(34) Okadaic acid.
(35) Tankyrase. A telomeric poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP).
(36) hRAP1.
(37) C0057684 from Sierra Sciences.
(38) Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF).
(39) FR901228. Japanese research at Okayama University.
(40) NF-kappaB. [Transcription factor, for inflammatory cytokines.]
(41) TNF-alpha. [Inflammatory, dangerous and not useful for our application.]
(42) ?Shark Liver Oil? [Not known to be a telomerase activator.]
(43) Sp1.
(44) Cocoa. [Not known to be a telomerase activator.]
(45) Ginsenoside Rg1.
(46) Novel Telomerase ActivatorS developed at Ben Gurion University on the Negev.
(47) C0057684. From Sierra Sciences.
(48) Antigenic stimulation activates telomerase in T-cells..
(49) Juve Tea.
(50) Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb).
(51) Ca ionophore.
(52) Phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate.
(53) Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 .
(54) beta ecdysterone (20-hydroxyecdysone). [Not known to be telomerase activator.]
(55) VEGF2.
(56) G-CSF: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.
(57) PhosphatidylInositol 3'-kinase.
(58) Akt protein kinase.
(59) c-Myc.
(60) Progesterone.
(61) Antisense oligode-oxyribonucleotides (ODNs) against Bcr-Abl/c-Abl mRNA.
(62) Survivin.
(63) Arsenic, a poisonous tumor promoter, also elevates hTERT levels.
(64) Androgens can activate telomerase, perhaps after conversion into estrogens.
(65) E6/E6AP viral protein, a ubiquitin ligase from human papilloma virus. Poisonous.
(66) Bmi-1 protein (66). (Dangerously associated with the breast cancer Bmi-1 oncogene.)
(67) Terminalia chebula (Combretaceae, Haritaki), ethanol extract from the fruit.

Alphabetical Index for Telomerase Activators under Investigation

2OR,25S-epoxy-3β,16β,25-trihydroxy-9β-methyl-19-norlanost-1,5-diene (6f).
5-azacytidine (22). (DANGER: may promote prostate carcinomas).
Akt protein kinase (58).
Androgens can activate telomerase, perhaps after conversion into estrogens (64).
Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) (50).
Antigenic stimulation activates telomerase in T-cells (48).
Antisense oligode-oxyribonucleotides (ODNs) against Bcr-Abl/c-Abl mRNA (61).
Astragaloside IV (6c).
Arsenic, a poisonous tumor promoter, also elevates hTERT levels (63).
Astragaloside IV 16-one (6e).
Astragenol (6e).
Beta ecdysterone (20-hydroxyecdysone) (54). [Not known to be telomerase activator.]
Bisphenol A (BPA) (11).
Black Cohosh (18). C. racemosa (black cohosh) extracts and other Cimicifuga family extracts.
Bmi-1 protein (66). (Dangerously associated with the breast cancer Bmi-1 oncogene.)
Ca ionophore (51) .
Cimicifuga (18). C. racemosa (black cohosh) extracts and other Cimicifuga family extracts.
C0057684 (37), (47) from Sierra Sciences.
CGK733 (23). Revives senescent cells, but not a true telomerase activator.
CGK 1026 (19). CGK 1026 derepresses hTERT expression. Used in therapy to replace Tricostatin A.
c-Myc (59).
Cocoa (44). [Not known to be a telomerase activator.]
Cycloastragenol (6d). Probably Geron TAT2, or TAT0002.
Cycloastragenol 3-β-D-xylopyranoside (6h).
Cycloastragenol 6-β-D-glucopyranoside (6g).
DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) (29).
E6/E6AP viral protein, a ubiquitin ligase from human papilloma virus (65). Poisonous.
Ecdysone (16). An insect hormone.
Ependymin Peptide (26). From goldfish brains: sequence ESCKKETLQFRKHL.
Epidermal growth factor EGF (30).
Epithalon peptide (1) (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly). Injectable. Discovered in 2003.
EST1, for yeast (7).
Estrogen (10).
Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 (FGF-2) (53).
FR901228 (39). Japanese research at Okayama University.
Ginsenoside Rg1 (45).
Ginsenoside RH1 (6e).
G-CSF: Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor (56).
GRN139951 (Geron) (5). (Probably astragaloside IV.)
Haritaki (Terminalia chebula, Combretaceae), ethanol extract from the fruit. (67)
Heat shock proteins (20). Heat shock proteins like Hsp90 mediate telomerase assembly.
HIF-1 (24). Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1).
Histone deacetylase inhibitor possibilities (12). Other HDAC inhibitor possibilities.
HGH, Human Growth Hormone (8).
hRAP1 (36).
IGF-1 (9).
IL-7, Interleukin-7 (32), appears to stimulateS expression of telomerase within T-cells.
IL-15, Interleukin-15 (33) stimulates telomerase in T-cells.
Interleukin 2 (3).
Juve Tea (49).
Mre11 (25). Mre11 protein.
NF-kappaB (40). [Transcription factor, for inflammatory cytokines.]
Nitric Oxide (21).
Novel Telomerase ActivatorS developed at Ben Gurion University on the Negev. (46)
Okadaic acid (34).
Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) (38).
Phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate (52).
PhosphatidylInositol 3'-kinase (57).
Progesterone (60)
Protein kinase C (27).
Raloxifine (15). (orally bioavailable Evista from Eli Lilly).
Retinoic acid (28). [Now believed to inhibit telomerase.]
Saquinavir (17). (Invirase [Roche Invirase]) an anti-HIV drug and protease inhibitor.
?Shark Liver Oil? (42) [Not known to be a telomerase activator.]
Sp1. (43)
STAT3 (14).
Surface Ig (31).
Survivin (62).
TA-65 (TA Sciences) (6b). (Formerly GRN-665, Probably cycloastragenol, or Geron TAT0002.)
TAC1 with auxin (13).
Tankyrase (35). A telomeric poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP).
TAT2 (Geron) (4). (Probably cycloastragenol, the common alglycone of the astragalosides).
TAT0002 (Geron) (4). (Probably cycloastragenol, the common alglycone of the astragalosides).
Terminalia chebula (Combretaceae), the ethanol extract from the fruit (67).
Tricostatin A (2). Injectable. Discovered as telomerase activator in 2000.
VEGF2 (55).

(1) Epithalon peptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly), a bioregulator taken by injection initally discovered in pineal gland extracts in 2003 by the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. [Links/epithalon peptide, Papers/epithalon peptide, see also epitalon (aka epitalon) (Khavinson article preview).] The Russian group [Links] announced in 2003 that Epithalon Peptide, a small 4-peptide protein made from alanine, glutamine, glycine, and aspartic acid (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly), activates telomerase and extends telomeres [Links, Papers, Original Paper, sources, sources2]. Epithalon peptide has been injected 5 times weekly into mice, resulting in 34.2% prolongation of life span in mice without cancers. Sublingual (under the tongue) administration is probably possible with such short peptide molecules. Perhaps resveratrol could be used like a brake after a telomerase activation treatment period to silence transcription and halt the telomere extension process, reducing risks. Curcumin also inhibits the expression of telomerase. Epithalon peptide may be the safest telomerase activator, since it occurs naturally in the body, and was first isolated from the pineal gland (epiphysis). It is generally geroprotective (mice do not die from telomere shortening), and perhaps telomere homeostasis may be maintained by routine daily use at some specific dosage per kilogram of body weight. On the other hand, we are expecting periodic treatments followed by periods off the drug to become standard with this and similar medicines. See Custom Peptide Synthesis [Books, Papers], Peptide Synthesis [Wikipedia, Books], Peptide Sythesizers [Books, Suppliers], Peptide Analyzers [Links]. Vilon [Papers] is a peptide bioregulator (Lys-Glu) that is geroprotective and inhibiting to apoptosis that is sometimes studied together with the geroprotective telomerase activator epithalon peptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly).
(2) Tricostatin A, the first small molecule activator discovered circa the year 2000, has FDA approval for use in anti-cancer therapy. It is taken by injection. tricostatin A (TSA) [Wikipedia, Books, Links, Papers, Papers/trichostatin A and telomerase activation, Epigenetic Protocols, chap.8, article, article2, anti-cancer, elevates Hsp22 level with life-extending effect]. Tricostatin A induced significant activation of hTERT mRNA expression and telomerase activity in normal cells, but not in cancer cells." Histone deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A "activates the hTERT promoter in normal cells", thus enabling telomerase synthesis. Trichostatin A is genotoxic at some dosages. See sources, books, papers and links on treatment with trichostatin A, which is experimentally promising in published studies on stimulating hTERT expression for telomerase synthesis and telomere enlongation.
"Just read that tricostatin A inhibits telomerase in prostate tumor cells. However, in cells with telomerase inactivated it increased the activity. Tricostatin A can be bought in USA, but I'll need to figure correct dosage and what this costs. See Annamaria Biroccio and Carlo Leonetti, 2004, Telomerase as a new target for the treatment of hormone-refractory prostate cancer, Endocrine-Related Cancer, 2004, 11 (3) 407-421. It has been demonstrated that tricostatin A (TSA), a potent HDAC inhibitor, was able to reduce telomerase activity in liver and prostate cancers by decreasing the levels of the hTERT mRNA (Suenaga et al. 2002). On the contrary, other groups have shown that TSA induced a significant activation of hTERT mRNA and telomerase activity in telomerase-negative cells (Cong & Bacchetti 2000) and attenuated the repression of hTERT during HL60 cell differentiation (Xu et al. 2001)." (Andrew 1/04/08). Trichostatin A [Links] can stop the cell cycle at the beginning of the growth stage and is positioned as an antifunqual antibiotic these days, usually presented as harmful if taken orally and not for human consumption. See also Mashiro Takakura, Satoru Kyo, Yoshihiro Sowa, Zhuo Wang, Noriyuki Yatabe, Yoskiko Maida, Masaaki Tanaka and Masaki Inoue, 2001, Telomerase activation by histone deacetylase inhibitor in normal cells, Nucleic Acids Research, 2001, vol 29, no. 14, 3006-3011. This article reviews application of Tricostatin A.
(3) Interleukin 2 for lymphocytes. This is a larger molecule of about 15,500 Daltons, a polypeptide of 133 amino acids (still capable of passing through the nuclear pore), the cytokine also termed IL-2 (interleukin 2), a "lymphokine" which augments the expression of mRNA for human telomerase in T-cell lymphocytes. IL-2 "has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of cancers (malignant melanoma, renal cell cancer), and is in clinical trials for the treatment of chronic viral infections, and as a booster (adjuvant) for vaccines." - [Wikipedia]. Interleukin 2's telomerase-enhancing role in T-lyphocytes has been noted by other investigators. I think it is only taken by injection. [Papers/IL-2 and telomerase activation; Papers/interleukin-2 and telomerase activation, Links, Books, article].
(4) Geron's orally bioavailable TAT0002 (probably cycloastragenol, molecule image), announced by Geron and a subsidiary TA Therapeutics. TAT0002 is presently used in AIDS therapy. It may become useful in life extension work, say on the skin, now to involve telomerase activation therapies. [Links/TAT0002].
According to a source at the Immortality Institute, "Telomerase induction (was) tested originally using a 10:1 95% ethanolic extract of Astralagus root (this extract was called GRN925 [from Formulations Containing Astagalus Extracts and Uses Thereof, WIPO DOC], the preparation of which is described in the 2005 Hong Kong patent Formulations Containing Astragalus Extracts and the Uses Thereof, European Patent Office, on page 37 as "Example 1".). See Images/astragalus membranaceus. The most potent compound in the extract seems to be orally bioavailable astragaloside IV (probably TAT0001) or cycloastragenol [Links], one of which which may be the GRN-665 (TA-65) TAT0002 molecule." Note that cycloastragenol is also associated with the names "astramembrangenin" [Links, Papers, Books, Amazon], "cyclogalegigenin" [Books, Links, Papers, Amazon, molecule], and "cyclosiversigenin" [Links, Books, Papers, Amazon]. See Steven Russell Fauce, Beth D. Jamieson, Allison C. Chin, Ronald T. Mitsuyasu, Stan T. Parish, Hwee L. Ng, Christina M. Ramirez Kitchen, Otto O. Yang, Calvin B. Harley and Rita B. Effros, Telomerase-Based Pharmacologic Enhancement of Antiviral Function of Human CD8+ T Lymphocytes, The Journal of Immunology, 2008, 181: 7400-7406. Test of telomerase activator TAT2. "Enhanced antiviral effects were abrogated in the presence of a potent and specific telomerase inhibitor, suggesting that TAT2 acts primarily through telomerase activation." See also the associated Geron News Release.
(5) Geron's GRN139951 (probably orally bioavailable astragaloside IV). [Links].
"Geron Corporation, in collaboration with the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, conducted a screen for telomerase activators using human keratinocytes. The source of material for the screen was natural product extracts. In the course of the screen, several extracts were discovered that reproducibly up-regulated the low, basal level of telomerase in human keratinocytes. With analysis of the extract and further testing, one compound in the extract, named GRN139951, was identified as the key telomerase activator in the extract. It was capable of activating telomerase in keratinocytes and other human cell types (e.g. lymphocyte immune cells) at very low concentrations. GRN140665 (probably cycloastragenol), a derivative of GRN139951 also present in the extract but at lower concentrations, was prepared and found to possess similar telomerase activating properties. (I note that cycloastragenol may be chemically derived from astragaloside IV by a process well-described by Geron patent literature.) These molecules are under development for the treatment of degenerative diseases by TA Therapeutics, Limited." - BioExchange News See Geron's Compositions and Methods for Increasing Telomerase Activity (or see the A' alternate-source version Compositions and Methods for Increasing Telomerase Activity, or A'') and Hong Kong University's Formulations Containing Astragalus and Uses Thereof. Note that astragalus polysaccharides [Books] include the cycloartane glycosides [Books], including astragalosides I-IV. I note that the astragaloside molecules are somewhat reminiscent of steroid hormones in their structure, suggesting that perhaps they interact with receptors similar to the steroid superfamily receptors, which bind directly to DNA to stimulate transcription.
(6) Geron's GRN140665 (probably orally bioavailable cycloastragenol). [Links]
(6b) TA Sciences [TA Sciences back pages] and Geron have announced orally bioavailable TA-65 (formerly termed GRN-665 and probably cycloastragenol), "a naturally occurring molecule extracted from the well known Traditional Chinese herb Astragalus," meaning the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Astragalus Membranaceus, also called Huang-qi, or Milk-Vetch Root. [Monograph, Tech Data, PDRHealth/astragalus, HerbalMed] Astragalus root and Astragalus extract [Books] are commercially available from Gaia Herbs [product], Solaray and Nutrition Geeks, which do not explain how to use Astragalus for telomere extension. [Links, LifeExtension/Astragalus, Ray Sahelian/Astragalus, Wikipedia/Telomerase and Astragalus, Wikipedia/Astragalus, Univ. of Maryland Medical Center/Astragalus]. See Papers/astragalus and telomerase, Links/astragalus and telomerase. "Astragalus deters aging process and facilitates longevity. It delays the natural aging process of diploid blastocyte, prolonging by one third the life span of the cells." TA-65 improves the immune system, the skin, vision, and sexual function. The TA Sciences Patton Protocol "key element is the ingestion of TA-65™ nutritional supplement tablets. Taken daily, each tablet contains five milligrams of TA-65. The TA-65 nutraceutical is to be taken for two intervals of three months each over one year."
See the Gern Talk Search Blog on TA-65 Tests. See Recharge Biomedical/tables of Expression Profiles of Genes Involved in hTERT Promoter Regulation, which include data for Sierra Sciences C0057684 and TA Sciences TA-65.
Astragaloside IV, probably the precursor of the TA-65 cycloastagenol molecule. Press to search on Astragaloside IV.
Alternate Molecular Representation, RevGenetics brand.
Another Molecular Representation.
C41H68O14, MW 784.97,
A similar molecular representation.
Astragaloside.
The Key: A Poker-Player's Molecule.
(Patton-protected.)
It now seems likely that both Geron Small Molecule Telomerase activators GRN139951 (astragaloside IV?) and GRN140665 (TA-65, or GRN-665, cycloastragenol?), were obtained from astragalus extract. Astragalus membranaceus, a pea family plant from the Leguminosae family native to China [Images, specimen, GreenWeb/Seeds], is usually used for human medicines and is the variety used to produce TA-65, although the company claims to produce its product from a high-potency variety of that species found in a small region of China twice as potent for TA-65 molecule production as regular Astragalus. Many other varieties of astragalus are toxic to livestock and tagged as "locoweed". The active principle of Astragalus seems to reside in molecules termed triterpenoid saponins or astragalosides [Links/astragalosides, Books/astragalosides, Papers/astragalosides]. The principle compound, astragaloside IV, is typically found at 0.15 mg/g in astragalus root and now commercially available as RevGenetics Astragaloside IV (Astral Fruit). A typical dose of TA-65 is 5 mg, equivilant to 5mg/0.15mg/g = 33.33 grams of Astragalus root if it were astragaloside IV, while the typical maximum dose of Astragalus root used in treatment is 30 grams. However, since Geron prescribes astragaloside IV at 50 mg to 100 mg and cycloastragenol at 5 mg, it is far more likely that TA-65 is cycloastragenol. [See Links/Astragaloside IV, Source Chengdu Cogon Biotech, Chinese sources, Books/Astragaloside IV.] A Geron patent cites astragaloside IV as one embodiment of a formula for a telomerase activator. Geron's European patent (A', A'') describes other telomerase activators from astragalus root extract including cycloastragenol, astragenol, and astragaloside IV 16-one. There are claims that astragalus increases SOD levels. The astrogalus root is typically harvested after 4 or 5 years of growth. Astragalus may derive its telomerase activating property from its ability to increase levels of Interleukin-2 (IL-2) [Vitamin Research]. I note that astragaloside VII [Links] is most remarkable for its ability to induce IL-2, although many other saponins also have this property. Perhaps liquid astragalaus extract [Organic Pharmacy/astragalus root extract, Links] can be used in skin treatment to lengthen skin cell telomeres, as TA Sciences proposes for TA-65. I located a liquid GAIA Herbs Astragalus extract in grain alcohol and water at $9.50 to $11.00 per bottle featuring 1 mg of astragalosides per 30 drops, to be taken 3 or 4 times a day for a total of of 3 or 4 mg of astrogalosides per day, very similar to the 5 mg/day TA-65 program. [GAIA Astragalus sources with prices.] GAIA also makes Astragalus Root Extract in glycerin. A bottle of astrogaloside extract pills might contain typically 1 mg of triterpene glycosides (astrogalosides) per 225 mg of extract. Liquid astragalus extract is also available in glycerin from Full Spectrum. I note that astragaloside IV is more bioabsorbable from astragalus extract than it is in pure form. Astrogaloside IV may be most efficiently farmed in bioreactors [description, Bioreactors, Books] from the hairy roots of Astragalus Membranaceus. See Wang, Song, and Li, et.al. on astragaloside ratios and their measurement [Links, Books, Papers]. Airlift bioreactors [Links, CYTOLIFT glass airlift bioreactor] may be the best for farming the root hairs. I note that saponin production in the hairy roots of the related plant Astragalus mongholicus has been remarkably increased in the presence of sitosterol.
TA Sciences wrote in with: "Dear Jim, I just wanted to make a quick comment on the point you made about our company being the only one to describe Astragalus in connection with telomerase activation. This is because we are the only ones to have isolated the single molecule (TA-65) in the plant that is a potent telomerase activator. This molecule is found in very small amounts and normal supplements and extracts do not have nearly enough of that molecule to be effective. That is why no one else mentions Astragalus as a telomerase activator, because the plant as normally used is not potent enough. Thank you for your interest in TA Sciences."
Noel, Noel Thomas Patton, Chairman
TA Sciences, Inc.
E-mail: NTPHK@aol.com
I note that most firms that manufacture the herbal tincture of Astragalus Membranaceus extract may not have mastered telomerase activation measurements and telomere length measurements like Geron has. Until TA-65 is available, perhaps the best bet for implementing the Patton protocol is to use GAIA Astragalus Root drops with 1 mg of astragalosides per 30 drops, perhaps at 150 drops per day during each of the two 3-month telomerase turn-on periods in a one year treatment package, to get 5 mg/day of astragalosides containing the TA-65 molecule cycloastragenol and its precursor astragaloside IV along with other astragalosides and bioavailability-improving substances, or the equivalent material from alternate vendors. However, my research above on astragaloside ratios in astragalus extract seems to show that the TA-65 molecule (cycloastragenol?) will be far more abundant in the TA Sciences pill, and the threshold for meaningful physiological activity of the TA-65 molecule is uncertain.
Music: Love Potion #9 - The Searchers.
I note that in several exercises I was doing in early May 2007, the number of reps jumped up about 50% after 2 weeks of using GAIA astragalus root extract at 5 mg of astragalosides per day, perhaps demonstrating the tonic effect of astragalus.
According to a source at the Immortality Institute, "Telomerase induction (was) tested originally using a 10:1 95% ethanolic extract of Astralagus root (this extract was called GRN925). The most potent compound in the extract seems to be astragaloside IV or cycloastragenol [Links], one of which which may be the GRN-665 (TA-65) TAT0002 molecule.... Here are the Geron use patents for Astragalus and telomerase: http://tinyurl.com/2yypov and http://tinyurl.com/3db889."
According to Geron, the minimum effective concentration (MEC) of astragalosides or related compounds to produce telomerase activation twice that seen in a DMSO control was:
DesignationNameMEC, μM
1astragaloside IV [Books, molecule, vendor RevGenetics, Index]0.01
2cycloastragenol [Books, molecule, molecule2, molecule3, Index]0.01
3astragenol [Books, molecule]0.03
4astragaloside IV 16-one0.03
52OR,25S-epoxy-3β,16β,25-trihydroxy-9β-methyl-19-norlanost-1,5-diene0.10
6cycloastragenol 6-β-D-glucopyranoside3.2
7cycloastragenol 3-β-D-xylopyranoside3.2
8ginsenoside RH1 [Links, Books, Papers, molecule, Index]10
This lists the Geron telomerase activators found in astragalus root extract [Notes5/Astragalus Extract Astragalosides Content, IndexAB/Astragalus Extract] and in ginseng extract (or obtained from these) in order by chemical potency. Geron specified that cycloastragenol [Books] is to be administered at 1 mg up to a preferred 5 mg/day, and quoted 50 mg/day to 100 mg/day as optimal dosage for astragaloside IV, which may be high to compensate for bioavailability problems. All of the telomerase activators described above were shown to have excellent bioavailability, although the bioavailability of astragaloside IV is higher in astragalus root extract. Since TA-65 is prescribed at 5 mg/day, and is advertised as a single molecule, it seems likely that TA-65 is cycloastragenol. I note that the relatively bioavailable cycloastragenol can be derived from astragaloside IV, and by other chemical methods from astragalus membranaceus. Geron also names astragalosides A, 1, 2, 7, and astraverrucins I and II, which can be obtained from Astragalus Verrucosis, as telomerase activators. Perhaps a gensenoside-oriented telomerase activation procedure could be defined using Solaray Koren Ginseng Extract, featuring 535 mg extract per capsule with 26 mg of ginsensodes (ginsenoside classes) per capsule having Rg1/Rg2 = 0.5. Ginsenoside RH1 [Links, Papers; Papers/ginsenoside ratios in ginseng, Links] is a telomerase activator specified by Geron. However, Astragalus extracts seem to be superior for our purposes with more good effects and low toxicity, and are available in stronger preparations. Furthermore, ginseng extracts may contain ginsenoside RH2, a telomerase inhibitor, and telomerase activator ginsenoside RH1 is also known to activate estrogen receptors, aggravating breast cancer. See also Vendors/Astragalus with Astragalus Toxicology.
[81s/6c]
2005 Anti-Aging Trial of TA-65 at TA Sciences
"The Pivotal 2005 Anti-Aging Trial of TA-65 was a double blind, placebo controlled, 24 week study in which subjects consumed 2 or 4 tablets daily of a placebo control substance (placebo groups) for 12 weeks or 2 or 4 tablets daily of a TA-65 precursor molecule (TA-41 [Links/TA-41]) for 12 weeks (product groups). The product tablets each contained 10 mg of TA-41 (an Astragalus extract) along with other botanical extracts and excipients.
The placebo control tablets were essentially indistinguishable from the product tablets in appearance and taste, even when the tablet was broken. The 12 week placebo or product use period was followed by a further 12 week follow-up period. To ascertain active substance in the blood (for compliance and to better understand the relationship between TA-41 and TA-65), analytical measurements of TA-41 and TA-65 (the presumed major metabolite of TA-41) were conducted at 6 weeks and 12 weeks."

[(11/18/2008) Finally, I get the impression that TA-65 is a metabolite of ethanol and water astragalus extracts such as orally bioavailable TA-41 or GAIA Herbs astragalus extract. It may be produced from astragaloside IV by stomach acids like HCl. This would explain why both 5 mg TA-65 and 5 mg of astragalosides from GAIA Herbs astragalus extract (rated at 5 mg astragalosides per 150 drops) seem to produce rejuvenation rates similar to 8-9 years per year observed with TA-65 when administered with a cyclic protocol. Both schemes seem to produce approximately 400 to 460 telomere base pairs per year to repair the telomere t-loops of senescent cells and return the cell to the immortal phenotype.]
Since TA-41 was an astragalus extract, its presumed major metabolite TA-65 would conventionally have been astragaloside IV, which is typically described as the medicinally active component of astragalus extract. Of course, the common alglycone of the astragalosides, cycloastragenol, can be derived from astragaloside IV, and is also found in astragalus extract. Both astragaloside IV and cycloastragenol are rare but natually occurring molecules found in astragalus extract, like TA-65 according to TA Sciences. However, the smaller molecule cycloastragenol is prescribed by Geron at 5 mg/day, whereas pure astragaloside IV is prescribed by Geron at 50 mg to 100 mg/day, and TA-65 is described as pure substance, a single molecule by TA Sciences to be taken 5 mg/day. Therefore it seems TA-65 must be cycloastragenol. The similarly small molecule astragenol is described in Geron reports as less active than cycloastragenol. [Links/components of astragalus extract, Papers].
[81s/6d] 230 base pairs of telomere growth per 3 months of treatment with TA-65.
"Dear Friend of T.A. Sciences,
Momentum has been building at T.A. Sciences over the summer. We have gotten 3 month preliminary data for the first group of Patton Protocol clients and we are seeing for the first time in history documented elongation of telomeres in humans. Mean telomere length increased by 230 base pairs in granulocytes (an immune cell that circulates in the blood). Since telomeres normally get shorter with each cell division, if confirmed and validated, this will be highly significant scientific news. Let's just hope this trend continues when data from more people come in over the next few months."

- Greta Blackburn, August 12, 2007, from a letter from TA Sciences to registrants.
Note that among progeric children, whose dermal fibroblasts exhibit short telomeres, baldness is almost universal. In treatment with telomerase activators [81s], skin constitution is restored to young skin after about 20 population doublings are added. (Fossel, p.156). Note that TA Science's TA-65 (probably cycloastragenol) can add 230 base pairs to blood granulocyte telomeres in vivo in just 3 months. For typical cells on the average, 20 doubling x 50(bp/doubling) = 1000 base pairs, so that a couple of years would be typically required, since telomerase is turned on for just two 3-month periods in a year using the TA Sciences Patton Protocol. That is, they get 460 bp/year, so that 1000/460 = 2.174 > 2 years should be required to thoroughly rejuvenate typical cells with TA-65.
"I've been taking astragaloside iv 100mg daily and believe it is working. I no longer have problem with dry eyes... Getting hold of astragaloside iv was hard as could be and took tons of negotiating. 100grams 98% $1500 shipped as of last month." - Andrew (correspondent 1/04/08).
Another reader chipped in with a quote for 20 grams of Astragaloside IV by HPLC-ELSD purity > 98% for $980.00 from Biopurify, including shipping by Fedex. Write Haifeng Xie(Mr) 2008-04-07 Add: No.99 Xiaojiaheyanjie, Chengdu,Sichuan, China, 610041, Tel: +86-28-66780410, Fax: +86-28-66042638, Web: www.biopurify.com, MSN:biopurify@hotmail.com.
I note that other species of astragalus contain key cycloartane triterpene glycosides [Papers] that activate telomerase or activate IL-2, a telomerase activator, including Turkish species [Erdem Yesilada, Erdal Bedir, Yhsan Calyp, Yoshihisa Takaishi and Yasukazu Ohmoto, 2005. Effects of triterpene saponins from Astragalus species on in vitro cytokine release, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, Volume 96, Issues 1-2, 4 January 2005, Pages 71-77.].
(7) Princeton's Est1, a "telomere capping activator". See Est1 [Links, Papers, Books/Est1 and telomerase activation]. I believe this one just works on yeast.
(8) HGH [Wikipedia, Links, IndexEH/HGH] Human Growth Hormone upregulates telomerase (article). [Links/HGH and telomerase activation, Papers]. Note that HGH activates IGF-1, reviewed as telomerase activator (9) below. HGH is stimulated whey protein [Links]. According to Life Extension Magazine (March 2009) CDP-choline [Links, LifeExtension] can amplify HGH levels by a factor of 4. Supplementation with L-Arginine and Ornithine (Links/HGH secretagogues, Links/Arginine plus Ornithine for HGH) can produce a large increase in growth hormone secretion lasting many hours. I note that fish contain both arginine and ornithine, stimulating HGH, so that coastal people are usually taller than natives that live inland and do without fish. Bodybuilding xercise also stimulates HGH [Links]. Growth Hormone (GH) may activate telomerase directly through the PI3-K signaling pathway employing PhosphatidylInositol 3'-kinase. See the article:
L Gomez-Garcia, FM Sanchez, MT Vallejo-Cremades, IA Gomez de Segura and E De Miguel del Campo, Direct activation of Telomerase by GH via phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase, Journal of Endocrinology, 2005, 185, 421-428. See also Wikipedia/Phosphoinositide 3-kinase, which introduces the family of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinases.
(9) IGF-1 [Wikipedia, Links] upregulates telomerase (article). [Papers/IGF-1 and telomerase activation, Links, IGF-1 & HGH upregulating amino stack supplement, Links/IGF-1 supplements, Biocarta Pathways].
See Biosynergy IGF-1, Sytropin HGH, IGF-1 Plus, Vespro IGF-1 Max, and other IGF-1 supplements. See IGF-1 hormone level testing. Probably some exercise should be done when using IGF-1 with HGH for telomere extension, to keep everything moving in the direction of physiologically useful growth. Otherwise, I suspect growth-promoting hormones are more likely to produce cancer, and in fact prostate cancer occurs more frequently when IGF-1 is high. IGF-1 receptor inhibitors are sold as anti-cancer drugs and inhibiting IGF-1 receptors is similar to inhibiting DAF-2 in C Elegans, which lengthens its life span. [article]. IGF-1 is a telomerase activator that may be somewhat risky, especially when one is not exercising and in fairly good health on an anticancer diet.
The above 9 compounds are the most promising and best-tested as small molecule telomerase activators. However, IGF-1 is opposed by cortisol, and usually does have favorable anabolic impact on healthy people. IGF-1 seems to work against victims of both artherosclerosis and cancer, when its positive effect on cellular proliferation is harmful. Treatment for both diseases may feature IGF-1 blockers or interference with IGF-1 receptors. Liposomal IGF-1 Spray and Anti-Aging IGF-1 Lozenges have been developed by NOW Foods. See the Index Entry on IGF-1, which contains many more details. As Dr. Jerry Brainum recently pointed out in Iron Man, DHEA boosts IGF-1 levels [Links, Papers], as does bodybuilding exercise; furthermore, vitamin D can be used to eliminate prostate cancer risk from IGF-1 [Links]. Lycopene is synergistic with vitamin D in reducting cancer risks [LifeExtension], and vitamin E is another useful chemopreventive element for eliminating prostate cancer. See Herbal Powers/antiaging for vendor notes on IGF-1. For IGF-1 antiaging, see americannutrition/store/anti-aging-hgh.html See also MaxLife's IGF-1 Plus - Revolationary Anti-Aging Formula and Nature's Healthy People IGF-1 liposome spray. Review HGH secretagogues. HGH converts to IGF-1 in the liver, so boosting HGH with exercise, secretagogues (such as Arginine plus Ornithine, found in fish), CDP-choline, or whey protein (say from cottage cheese or skim milk) should boost IGF-1. Since HGH emerges from the pituitary in several spurts throughout the day, it may be useful to pump up 3 or 4 times a day to get maximum HGH.
(10) Estrogen. The sex hormone estrogen causes cells with estrogen receptors to express telomerase, but its suitability for our application must be somewhat hazardous, since it is associated with colon cancer, prostate cancer, ovarian cancer, and endometrial cancer. However, estrogen therapy is used, for instance in transsexual applications and in other medical applications. Current recommendations for estrogen dosing in transgender applications range from starting doses of 0.625 to 2.5 mg. Search for Estrogen treatments for telomere extension [Papers]. See the application of estrogen (17[beta]-Estradiol) to the blocking of senescence in endothelial progenitor cells. "The estrogen receptor α is found in endometrium, breast cancer cells, ovarian stroma cells and the hypothalamus; estrogen receptor β has been documented in kidney, brain, bone, heart, lungs, intestinal mucosa, prostate, and endothelial cells." - Wikipedia.
[Links/estrogen and telomerase activation, Books, Papers]. I note that estrogen is a steroid hormone that binds to a steroid superfamily receptor that attaches itself to DNA to activate transcription. While estrogen causes the cell to express telomerase and lengthen telomeres during transsexual restructuring involving breast and hip tissue proliferation, progesterone can cause the same effects without activating telomerase or lengthening telomeres. Evidently tissue acquired by cellular proliferation involving the application of progesterone alone is more likely to become genomically unstable in old age than tissue enhanced or restructured by estrogen, which may be dangerous when treatment is continued, although in many cases subjects submit to 10 years of continuing treatment. [Wikipedia, Papers/transsexual restructuring with hormones; Papers/transsexual hormones, Links/transsexual hormones, Books, Amazon]. Perhaps tissue restructured with progesterone should be treated with astragalosides or other small molecule telomerase activators to render it more genomically stable and resistant to breast cancer. Of course, she-male transformation itself may take place spontaneously as a consequence of high-hormone honeymoon travels, as mythically imaged in the surface of the moon. See Erotic Hots Study Guide for more on this theme. "Estrogen attenuates endothelial progenitor cell senescence by augmenting hTERT through PI3kinase/Akt-dependant mechanisms (Papers, Links, Imanishi, et al, 2005)." - Caleb E. Finch, The Biology of Human Longevity, p.167.
(11b) Bisphenol A (BPA), an estrogen disrupter with estrogen-like bioactivity, up-regulates telomerase expression. It is released from certain dental polycarbonate crowns, and may be associated with cancer, like estrogen. [Papers/Bisphenol A and Telomerase Activation, Links].
(12) Other histone deacetylase inhibitors [Links, Books, LifeExtension]: Telomerase activation may perhaps be achieved with histone deacetylase inhibitors (similar to tricostatin A) that are available to us now, but are as yet untested or unreported for telomerase activation activity. Perhaps histone deacetylase inhibitors, which expand chromatin for transcription, may work effectively together with astragalosides or other small-molecule telomerase activators functioning through nuclear transcription factors much as steroid hormones interact by binding with the steroid receptor transcription factors [Links/nuclear receptor superfamily] attaching directly to the gene promoter. Broccoli sprouts for sulphoraphane, plus its zinc cofactor, might work more effectively with astragalosides to promote hTERT transcription after chromatin expansion via HDAC inhibitor sulphoraphane plus zinc. Such hypotheses will require testing. Histone deacetylase inhibitors that may turn to be useful include:
____(A) Diallyl sulphide [Books, Links] (found in garlic), a zinc-activated (meats, seafood, oysters) class I histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDAC). Note that garlic's allicin is a telomerase inhibitor, however.
____(B) Sulphoraphane [Books, clinical reports, Papers/clinical reports, toxicology, Books/toxicology of sulphoraphane] (found in broccoli & brocolli sprouts), another zinc-activated (meats, seafood, oysters) class I histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDAC). Sulphoraphane is found at high concentration in broccoli sprouts, and is the most powerful natural inducer of anti-carcinogenic chemoprotective phase 2 enzymes known.
____(C) Butyrate [Links].
____(D) Phenylbutyrate (PhB), Trichostatin A better-tolerated in long-term treatment.
____(E) Valproic Acid [Wikipedia](VPA), Trichostatin A better-tolerated in long-term treatment.
(12b) Hayflick limit extenders [Books] -
____(A) Carnosine, [LifeExtension], [69].
____(B) Vitamin C,
____(C) Neygeront [79], a RNA and B-vitamin complex.
____(D) Kinetin (N6-furfuryladenine), a cytokinin pioneered in anti-aging research by Dr. Suresh Rattan, (also a student of zeatin) is presently being used on skin cells.
These drugs (12) have been used to extend the Hayflick limit associated with replicative senescence to some degree, but the mechanisms seem to have nothing to do with telomerase activation, and more to do with antioxidant effect or anti-glycation effects, perhaps. Telomerase activation should be checked in these cases.
(13) TAC1 with auxin activates telomerase in plant cells. See the associated PhD thesis by Shuxin Ren.
(14) STAT3 is a key regulator of telomerase expression in normal and cancer cells.
(15) Raloxifine (orally bioavailable Evista [Links] from Eli Lilly) Raloxifene Increases Proliferation and Up-regulates Telomerase Activity in Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells. [Links, Wikipedia/Raloxifene]. Reduces incidence of breast cancer, used as an adjuvant in breast cancer treatment, also prevents osteoporosis in premenopausal women. For application to osteoporosis treatment or prevention in women, supplemental calcium and/or vitamin D should be added if daily intake is inadequate. Works through estrogen receptors. Side effects might include strokes or blood clots, however, as it increases the risk of venous thromboembolism.
(16) Ecdysone [Links, Books; Papers/ecdysone telomerase activation, Patents/ecdysone telomerase activation]. Evidently, there has also been some progress in hTERT activation using the insect hormone ecdysone (muristerone) to induce telomerase transcription and cellular immortalization in human fibroblasts [article, Links/ecdysone and telomerase activation, Papers/ecdysone and telomerase activation]. See also Mark D Ungrin and Lea Harrington (2006): Strict control of telomerase activation using Cre-mediated inversion (using ecdysone), BMC Biotechnology 2006, 6:10. I note that ecdysone is a steroid hormone like testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, and the corticosteroids, all of which may be synthesized from cholesterol. The steroid hormones diffuse across the plasma membrane to bind to intracellular receptors in the steroid superfamily, which pass through the nuclear pore, bind to DNA, and directly stimulate transcription in their target genes. [Geoffrey M. Cooper, The Cell, Chap.13: Cell Signaling, page 523.] Note that beta ecdysterone (20-Hydroxyecdysone [Wiki, Links]) is an anabolic steroid found in spinach sold for bodybuilding applications that increases muscle protein synthesis. It may be that beta ecdysterone (20-hydroxyecdysone) from spinach activates telomerase like ecdysone. Compare the molecules: Wiki/20-Hydroxyecdysone and Wiki/Ecdysone.
(17) Saquinavir (Invirase, Roche Invirase) [Links, Books, Wikipedia], an anti-HIV drug and protease inhibitor, has been shown to increase telomerase expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. See the paper by Franzese, et. al. [Links/Saquinavir and telomerase activation.] Saquinavir absorption seems to be improved by omeprazole. This drug has some side effects [Wikipedia]. See Saquinavir interactions with drugs such as digoxin, garlic, methadone, tipranavir/ritonavir, and omeprazole. Coadministration with digoxin results in a significant increase in digoxin levels that should be closely monitored. Garlic induces the metabolism of saquinavir and reduces its concentration, so that it should not be used with saquinavir. Saquinavir inhibits HIV protease.
(18) C. racemosa (black cohosh) extracts. See Cimicifuga extracts [Links; Images/Cimicifuga, Links/Cimicifuga extracts and telomerase activation, Hong Kong University European Patent]. These orally bioavailable drugs were determined to be bioavailable in Geron patents dating from 2005. Geron specifies extracts prepared with the Cimicifuga species C. racemosa, C. dahurica, C. foetida, and C. acerina. See also Black cohosh (Cimicifuga racemosa [L.] Nutt.) [Links/Black Cohosh extract; Links/Black Cohosh, a species of "buttercup"]. Note that "commercially available preparations of black cohosh usually contain 1 mg of total triterpene saponins (expressed as 26-deoxyactein) in each 20-mg dose of extract." - National Institute of Health/Black Cohosh. See Remifemin, which contains black cohosh extract equivalent to 20 mg of root per tablet. Music: All Shook Up by Elvis Presley.
(19) CGK 1026 [Links, Papers, ChemBank/CGK 1026 molecule]. CGK1026 "derepresses hTERT expression". CGK1026 inhibits the recruitment of HDAC [?] into E2F-pocket protein complexes assembled on the hTERT promoter. [2004] Source: Linscott's Directory of Immunological and Biological Reagents, catalog # 565730. Merck CGK 1026 - Order # 565730-5MG. EMC Biosciences CGK1026. CGK 1026 has been used to replace Tricostatin A in some medical applications. See Jaejoon Won, Seungwoo Chang, Sangtaek Oh, and Tae Kook Kim, Small-molecule-based identification of dynamic assembly of E2F�pocket protein�histone deacetylase complex for telomerase regulation in human cells, PNAS, August 3, 2004. CGK1026 has a molecular weight of 326.34651 Daltons, and is an HDAC inhibitor. "The effect of CGK1026 on other promoters is still unclear." - Yi-hsin HSU, Jing-jer LIN, 2005, Telomere and telomerase as targets for anti-cancer and regeneration therapies, Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 2005 May; 26 (5): 513-518.
(20) Heat shock proteins like Hsp90 [Links] to increase telomerase levels in the cell by mediating the assembly of telomerase (See GB Morin, DO Toft, JW Shay, WE Wright, MA White, et al., (1999). Functional requirement of p23 and Hsp90 in telomerase complexes), Genes and Development, Vol. 13, No. 7, pp. 817-826, April 1, 1999. See [Links/HSP90 and telomerase activation, Links/HSP90 and p23 in telomerase activation, Links/Upregulation of HSP90]. We also report that hsp90 inhibitors geldanamycin and novobiocin inhibit recombinant telomerase even after telomerase is assembled. - See Keppler BR, Grady AT, Jarstfer MB, 2006, The biochemical role of the heat shock protein 90 chaperone complex in establishing human telomerase activity, J. Biol Chem, 2006.
(21) Nitric Oxide technique was described by Vasa, et. al, 2000 and Hayashi, et.al, 2006, using nitric oxide to activate telomerase and delay senescence in endothelial cells. See Nitric Oxide Activates Telomerase and Delays Endothelial Cell Senescence. Since NO reacts with superoxide to form peroxynitrite, which produces hydroxyl radicals, it is probably a good idea to use the peroxynitrite inhibitor gamma-tocopherol if NO is used to promote telomerase activation. I suppose NO may be the smallest of all telomerase activators. It may be true that bodybuilder's nitric oxide preparations, which are anabolic in effect, may be useful in reconstructing telomeres via telomerase activation [Links, Books]. Most "nitric oxide" supplements contain the amino acid Arginine-alpha-keto-glutarate, and the production of Nitric Oxide occurs when the amino acid L-arginine is converted into L-citruline through an enzyme group known as Nitric Oxide Synthase (NOS) [Wikipedia/NOS, Links, Books; article1, article2]. Note that NO also stimulates mitochondrial genesis [Links, Books/Mitochondrial Biogenesis, Books/Exercise Biochemistry]. NO is a major paracrine signaling molecule in the nervous, immune, and circulatory systems, but it only has effect on nearby cells because it is extremely unstable with a half-life of just a few seconds. [Geoffrey M. Cooper, The Cell, Ch.13: Cell Signaling, p.524.] NO can diffuse across the plasma membrane like a steroid hormone, but does not usually act by binding to a receptor that regulates transcription, like a steroid. Instead, NO typically modifies the activity of intracellular target enzymes. According to Erusalimsky, 2009, Vascular endothelial senescence: from mechanisms to pathophysiology, NO is not observed to activate telomerase after all: "...Findings suggest that NO may counteract senescence in the context of cellular stress, including inadvertent cell culture stress, through upregulation of SIRT1. " However, the Erusalimsky concludes that "Nitric oxide bioavailability is critical to normal endothelial function. Advanced age leads to impairment of endothelial NO production and to increased inactivation of NO by superoxide, which contribute to age-related endothelial dysfunction. A number of studies have investigated whether endothelial senescence may be involved in these phenomena. These studies have established that senescent endothelial cells have lower levels of eNOS activity and produce decreased levels of NO." See also Hong Y, Quintero M, Frakich NM, Trivier E, Erusalimsky JD, 2007, Evidence against the involvement of nitric oxide in the modulation of telomerase activity or replicative capacity of human endothelial cells, Exp Gerontol 42: 904-910, 2007. Conversely, see Farsetti A, Grasselli A, Bacchetti S, Gaetano C, Capogrossi MC (2009), The telomerase tale in vascular aging: regulation by estrogens and nitric oxide signaling, J Appl Physiol 106: 333-337, 2009.
(22) 5-azacytidine (DANGER: may promote prostate carcinomas) [Links, Wikipedia, Books, Papers] can activate telomerase. See The significance of telomerase activation and cellular immortalization in human cancer, Mutagenesis, Vol. 17, No. 6, 539-550, November 2002. Note that 5-azacytidine is a demethylating agent, unlike the histone deactetylase inhibitor trichostatin A (TSA), which is similarly a small molecule telomerase activator. "Tricostatin A had the opposite effect in prostate carcinoma cell lines in that it inhibited both hTERT mRNA expression and telomerase activity, leading to suppression of cell proliferation."
(23) CGK733 [article, Wikipedia, Links]. This compound was identified by a high-throughput phenotypic screen with automated imaging. Employing a magnetic nanoprobe technology, magnetism-based interaction capture (MAGIC). It can produce 25% life extension by providing 20 more cell divisions. Its precise mechanism differs from telomerase activation: it revives senescent cells, working "by blocking a protein checkpoint involved in sensing and slowing down cells in response to DNA damage. Although Kim showed that cells whose aging was reversed by CGK733 didn't develop chromosomal abnormalities, the long-term effect of blocking DNA repair mechanisms could lead to cancer."
(24) Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) [Links] activates telomerase [Article]. "Hypoxia activates telomerase via transcriptional activation of hTERT, and HIF-1 plays a critical role as a transcription factor." See [Wikipedia/Hypoxia-induced factors, Images/HIF-1, Links/HIF-1 molecule]. Since HIF-1 has a sequence length of 836 amino acids and a molecular weight 93.5189 kD, it might possibly be given by injection or have its transcription activated by some other agent. See Yen and Su, et al, 2005, Diosgenin induces HIF-1 activation and angiogenesis through estrogen receptor-related PI3K/Akt and p38 MAPK pathways in osteoblasts, Molecular Pharmacology Fast Forward, July 5, 2005. Also see Diosgenin [Links/Diosgenin, Wikipedia/Diosgenin, Ray Sahelion/Diosgenin].
(25) Mre11 protein [62s]. Searching uncovered more telomerase activators: Mre11 protein [Links, Books, Papers, Images, Images/Mre11 protein and telomeres] has been noted to lengthen telomeres in plant and human cells. (Bundock and Hooykaas, 2002.) See also [Images/Mre11 protein and telomeres in human cells]. The role of the Mre11 protein in telomere function is detailed in the pathway analyses given in Qiagen/Telomere Extension by Telomerase and Qiagen/Telomerase components in cell signaling.
(26) Ependymin Peptide Mimetics: a 14-amino acid ependymin peptide was effective. Ependymin [Links, Books, Papers, Patents, Amazon] is a secretory protein found in the cerobrospinal fluid and extracellular fluid of goldfish brains. Ceremedix, Inc. makes the 14-amino-acid ependymin peptide, which has the sequence ESCKKETLQFRKHL, or Glu-Ser-Cys-Lys-Lys-Glu-Thr-Leu-Gln-Phe-Arg-Lys-His-Leu. See (Hirsch, Erica, 2005. Telomerase Activity and Telomere Lengths in Fibroblast Cells Treated with Ependymin Peptide Mimetics).
(27) Protein kinase C [Links, Books, Papers, Wikipedia, Patents] is said to activate telomerase. (Rumiana Bakalovaa, Hideki Ohba, et al, 2003. Cross-talk between Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase, protein kinase C and telomerase - a potential reason for resistance to Glivec in chronic myelogenous leukaemia).
(28)
Retinoic acid [Links; Links/retinoic acid telomerase] was reported to maintain telomerase activity in human oral keratinocytes [You, et al., 2000, according to Michael Fossel, Cells, Aging, and Human Disease, p.158.]. However, it has also been reported to down-regulate telomerase by Z Ding, AG Green, X Yang, G Chernenko, SC Tang, et al., Retinoic Acid Inhibits Telomerase Activity and Downregulates Expression but Does Not Affect Splicing, Experimental Cell Research, 2002. [Papers/Retinoic acid and telomerase activation].
(29) DMSO (Dimethyl Sulfoxide) [Links] exposure may trigger transient telomerase expression [Papers, (Alfonso-De Matte, et al., 2001, Ultraviolet Irradiation- and Dimethyl Sulfoxide-Induced Telomerase Activity in Ovarian Epithelial Cell Lines)].
(30) Epidermal growth factor EGF [Wikipedia, Links, Books, Papers, Images, polypeptide diagram, Biocara Pathways, Wikigenes] activates telomerase in epidermal keratocytes.
Scene from the 1955 movie This Island Earth, in which Cal and Ruth battle the evil Zagons. Albert Einstein died in 1955, generating the first radio news story I can remember. EGF is a 53-amino-acid polypeptide Asn-Ser-Tyr-Pro-Gly-Cys-Pro-Ser-Ser-Tyr-Asp-Gly-Tyr-Cys-Leu-Asn-Gly-Gly-Val-Cys-Met-His-Ile-Glu-Ser-Leu-Asp-Ser-Tyr-Thr-Cys-Asn-Cys-Val-Ile-Gly-Tyr-Ser-Gly-Asp-Arg-Cys-Gln-Thr-Arg-Asp-Leu-Arg-Trp-Trp-Arg shaped by 3 disulphide bonds between cysteine residues. [Geoffrey M. Cooper, The Cell, Chap.13: Cell Signaling, p.525-526.] It excites the proliferation of many types of cells. I note EGF seems to produce its telomerase activation by upregulating c-myc, which has more than one site for transcription activation in the hTERT promoter. C-myc responds to several other kinds of growth factors, and only functions as an oncogene when it is unregulated, which happens for instance in Burkitt's lymphomas after the gene has been translocated from chromosome 8 to chromosome 14, 2, or 22 as a consequence of infection with Epstein-Barr virus, Herpes virus, or HIV. [Geoffrey M. Cooper, The Cell, Ch.15 Cancer, pp.618-619.] "Because of the increased risk of cancer by EGF, inhibiting it decreases cancer risk." - Wikipedia/EGF
(31) Surface Ig [Links] or CD40 [Wikipedia, Links]. "In vitro stimulation of human memory B cells through surface Ig or CD40 was capable of up-regulating telomerase." BT Hu, SC Lee, E Marin, DH Ryan and RA Insel, 1997: Telomerase is up-regulated in human germinal center B cells in vivo and can be re-expressed in memory B cells activated in vitro, The Journal of Immunology, Vol 159, Issue 3 1068-1071.
(32) IL-7, Interleukin-7, appears to stimulate and control expression of telomerase within T-cells. - M.Fossel, p.198, (Soares et al., 1998). "Telomerase induction....telomerase shows initial increase in expression beginning within 24 hours and extending up to 72 hours after stimulation." - M.Fossel, p.200-201. (Yamada, et al., 1996).
(33) IL-15, Interleukin-15 stimulates telomerase in T-cells. Diana L. Wallace, Marion Bérard, Maria V. D. Soares, Janine Oldham, Joanne E. Cook, Arne N. Akbar, David F. Tough, Peter C. L. Beverley (2006) Prolonged exposure of naïve CD8+ T cells to interleukin-7 or interleukin-15 stimulates proliferation without differentiation or loss of telomere length Immunology 119 (2), 243–253. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02429. See also Yu Li, Wang Zhi, Przemyslaw Wareski, and Nan-ping Weng, 2005, IL-15 Activates Telomerase and Minimizes Telomere Loss and May Preserve the Replicative Life Span of Memory CD8+ T Cells in Vitro, The Journal of Immunology, 2005.
(34) Okadaic acid [Links/okadaic acid, Books] stimulates hTERT activity and hTERT peptide phosphorylation [JL Mergny, JF Rois, et al., 2002] in melanoma cells. See also [Links/okadaic acid activates telomerase, Wikipedia/Okadaic acid].
(35) Tankyrase [Links, Books, JL Mergny, JF Rois, et al., 2002] a telomeric poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), "acts as a positive regulator of telomere enlongation in vivo, apparently by inhibiting TRF1. Long-term overexpression of tankyrase in telomerase-positive human cells results in a gradual and progressive enlongation of telomeres." See article "Overexpression of tankyrase 1 in telomerase-positive cells releases TRF1 from telomeres, resulting in telomere elongation." [2004].
(36) hRAP1 is recruited by TRF2 to human telomeres. hRAP1 is the homologue of yeast RAP1 protein and its over-expression causes telomere elongation. [Telomere epigenetics: a higher-order control of telomere length in mammalian cells, María A. Blasco1, Carcinogenesis, Vol. 25, No. 7, 1083-1087, July 2004.]
(37) C0057684 [Links] is a small molecule telomerase activator discovered by Sierra Sciences [Official Site, Wikipedia/Sierra Sciences]. See Recharge Biomedical/tables of Expression Profiles of Genes Involved in hTERT Promoter Regulation, which include data for C0057684 and TA-65.
(38) Platelet Derived Growth Factor (PDGF) [Wikipedia, Links, Books, Papers, ProSpec Source].
___See Links/Platelet Derived Growth Factor and telomerase activation, Papers, Books, Images.
___Note PDGF activates c-myc, an hTERT activator [NK Banskota, et al., 1989].
___See 31 of 72, Geron's Compositions and Methods for Increasing Telomerase Activity (A', A''):
___Telomerase inhibitor GRN163 retards the wound healing activity of PDGF.
Platelet-Derived Growth Factor PDGF is composed of two polypeptide chains, one of 125 amino acids, the other of 109 amino acids. It is involved in the proliferation of fibroblasts and other cell types. [G.F.Cooper, The Cell, Ch.13: Cell Signaling, p.526.]
(39) FR901228, an HDAC-inhibitor telomerase activator tested by Japanese scientists at Okayama University.
(40) NF-kappa-B [Patent Note, Yin, et al., 2000, Wikipedia, Links, Books] activates telomerase, although it is an inflammatory cytokine we usually attempt to restrain. The effects of NF-kappa-B are often regarded as deleterius to our health. NF-kappa-B expression is often exaggerated in cancer. [Pa]
(41) TNF-alpha [Patent Note, Links] also activates telomerase, although it is an inflammatory compound usually regarded as deleterius to our health.
(42) ?Shark Liver Oil? [Links, Wikipedia, Books] exhibits properties which may indicate that it causes cells to express telomerase. Shark liver oil [108], which contains alkylglycerols, stimulates white blood cell production, modulates platelets, and boosts the immune system with anticancer effect. It is taken at up to 600 mg/day for no more than 30 days. Perhaps it will turn out to be a telomerase activator. Unfortunately, when I took 2 500 mg capsules of Country Life AKG Shark Liver Oil, nothing much happened, but when 6 500 mg capsules were taken in 3 stages throughout the day (as directed by Country Life), diarrhea with vomiting ensued for several hours of the night. I guess I should have limited myself to 600 mg or perhaps 1000 mg, which seemed to work out OK. Of course,there may be some connection to what else I had to eat that day, which included a good deal of cocoa powder in water, and maybe some tomato soup. I have had similar problems consuming tomato soup and cocoa powder together, also. However, I felt this time it was primarily the shark liver oil.
(43) Sp1. hTERT transcription factors [Links, Books, Papers, Patents] up-regulating hTERT, including c-Myc (59), Sp1 (43), and Ets family protein ER81, and estrogen receptors. See estrogen (10). See also Shuwen Wang and Jiyue Zhu, 2004: The hTERT Gene is Embedded in a Nuclease-resistant Chromatin Domain, Journal of Biological Chemistry, vol 279, No.53, Dec.31, 2004, pp 55401-55410. See Satoru Kyo, Masahiro Takakura, Takahiro Taira, Taro Kanaya, Hideaki Itoh, Masuo Yutsudo, Hiroyoshi Ariga and Masaki Inoue, 2000, Sp1 cooperates with c-Myc to activate transcription of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) gene, Nucleic Acids Res., 2000, 28, 669-677. Also see Wikipedia/Sp1 transcription factor, and [Links/SP1 transcription factor, Links/SP1 activates telomerase]. On the other hand, Won J., Yim J., and Kim T.K report that "Sp1 and Sp3 recruit histone deacetylase to repress transcription of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) promoter in normal human somatic cells.", J. Biol. Chem., 2002.
(44) Cocoa may activate telomerase in endothelial cells by promoting nitric oxide generation. Nitric oxide was shown to promote telomerase activation by Vasa and Hayashi in separate papers. This pathway to telomerase activation via nitric oxide generation may apply to many other drugs and nutraceuticals known to promote the generation of nitric oxide. See Life Extension's product Endothelial Defense, which contains "CocoaGold". Nitric oxide levels may be raised by taking arginine with whey protein in bodybuilding exercise, which has the effect of activating telomerase [Vasa, et. al, 2000; Hayashi, et.al, 2006] in the endothelial cells of the vascular system, and of promoting mitochondrial biogenesis. Nitric oxide may also be promoted by using resveratrol. See LifeExtension/Nitric Oxide. According to Erusalimsky, 2009, Vascular endothelial senescence: from mechanisms to pathophysiology, NO is not observed to activate telomerase after all: "...Findings suggest that NO may counteract senescence in the context of cellular stress, including inadvertent cell culture stress, through upregulation of SIRT1." However, the Erusalimsky concludes that "Nitric oxide bioavailability is critical to normal endothelial function. Advanced age leads to impairment of endothelial NO production and to increased inactivation of NO by superoxide, which contribute to age-related endothelial dysfunction. A number of studies have investigated whether endothelial senescence may be involved in these phenomena. These studies have established that senescent endothelial cells have lower levels of eNOS activity and produce decreased levels of NO." See also Hong Y, Quintero M, Frakich NM, Trivier E, Erusalimsky JD, 2007, Evidence against the involvement of nitric oxide in the modulation of telomerase activity or replicative capacity of human endothelial cells, Exp Gerontol 42: 904-910, 2007.
(45) Ginsenoside Rg1 may also be a candidate for a telomerase activator. It has anti-aging effect in dermal fibroblasts. Recent work has demonstrates the target molecules of ginsenosides to be a group of nuclear steroid hormone receptors. Ginsenoside Rh2 (a protopanaxadiol) is a telomerase inhibitor , it turns out, while ginsenoside Rh1 (a protopanaxatriol) is a telomerase activator. There are Chinese vendors of purified ginsenosides, but ginsenoside Rh1 is not available in the USA as a purified product. It was mentioned in the Geron patent on COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR INCREASING TELOMERASE ACTIVITY.
(46) Novel Telomerase Activator molecules discovered and developed at Ben Gurion University on the Negev.
(47) C0057684 [Links], announced by Sierra Sciences in November 2007. In 2009, Sierra Sciences announced the discovery of an additional 62 compounds causing telomerase activation. [Wikipedia/Telomerase].
(48) Antigenic stimulation activates telomerase in T-cells. See Richard C. Allsopp, Samuel Cheshier and Irving L. Weissman (2002), Telomerase Activation and Rejuvenation of Telomere Length in Stimulated T Cells Derived from Serially Transplanted Hematopoietic Stem Cells, JEM, 2 December 2002. "We observed a large (45 fold...) increase in telomerase activity 2 days after anti-CD3/CD28 stimulation of donor-derived T cells from adult mice and from HSC transplant recipients.... One function of telomerase in some or all subsets of T cells may be to restore telomere length upon antigenic stimulation in cells that have acquired shortened telomeres. In agreement with this notion is the positive correlation previously observed between telomerase activity level and telomere length after antigen stimulation of human CD4+ T cells. One consequence of the ability to replenish telomere length in T cells with short telomeres is a concomitant increase in replicative capacity. This could perhaps be important not only in any rare naive or memory T cells in young individuals which may have acquired one or more critically short telomeres, but also in the elderly in which hematopoietic cells, including T cells, have very short telomeres (25). Specifically, it may be possible for these cells, upon antigenic stimulation in vivo, to thwart a premature replicative senescence induced by further telomere shortening via the regeneration of telomere length to a size observed in young individuals. "
(49) Juvetea, [Site] a telomerase activator. "Juvetea matches the best Green Oolong tea with ginseng and other herbs which contain a compound that activates the so called immortalizing enzyme telomerase in human cells."
(50) Anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) induces telomerase activity in human peripheral T cells. See Hideya Igarashi and Nobuo Sakaguchi, Telomerase Activity Is Induced by the Stimulation to Antigen Receptor in Human Peripheral Lymphocytes, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Volume 219, Issue 2, 15 February 1996, Pages 649-655.
(51) Ca ionophore, a stimulant that bypasses T-cell receptor (TCR) signalling, induces telomerase activity in human peripheral T-cells. See Hideya Igarashi and Nobuo Sakaguchi, Telomerase Activity Is Induced by the Stimulation to Antigen Receptor in Human Peripheral Lymphocytes, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Volume 219, Issue 2, 15 February 1996, Pages 649-655.
(52) Phorbol 12, 13-dibutyrate (PDB) [special hazard: tumor promoter], a stimulant that bypasses T-cell receptor (TCR) signalling, induces telomerase activity in human peripheral T-cells. See Hideya Igarashi and Nobuo Sakaguchi, Telomerase Activity Is Induced by the Stimulation to Antigen Receptor in Human Peripheral Lymphocytes, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Volume 219, Issue 2, 15 February 1996, Pages 649-655.
(53) FGF-2. [Links], Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 [Links]. See Kurz DJ, Hong Y, Trivier E, Huang HL, Decary S, Zang GH, Luscher TF, Erusalimsky JD. Fibroblast growth factor-2, but not vascular endothelial growth factor, upregulates telomerase activity in human endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 23: 748-754, 2003. See also Erusalimsky, 2009. FGF-2 is a endothelial cell mitogen sometimes associated with "gremlin effects" that is most likely not useful for inducing therapeutic telomerase activation. Note: "Telomerase activity was enhanced by basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF [?]). [2000]." - See Tsumuki H, Hasunuma T, Kobata T, Kato T, Uchida A, Nishioka K , Basic FGF-induced activation of telomerase in rheumatoid synoviocytes, Rheumatology, (2000).
(54) Beta Ecdysterone. It may be that beta ecdysterone (20-hydroxyecdysone) from spinach activates telomerase like ecdysone, (16) above. Compare the molecules: Wiki/20-Hydroxyecdysone and Wiki/Ecdysone [Links]. 20-hydroxyecdysone was first discovered in insects acting as an invertebrate polyhydroxylated sterolic growth hormone. (Note Human growth hormone (20) activates telomerase by activating IGF-1). Beta ecdysterone [Links] is available as a concentrated bodybuilding supplement for application as an anabolic steroid to improve protein synthesis. For bodybuilding applications The House of Muscle recommends 500 to 2000 mg of beta ecdysterone per day. "Clinical studies showed the effective dose for a human to be around 5 mg per kg of body mass, daily. The compound becomes toxic only at doses of 6400 mg per kg of body mass per day." [Wikipedia/20-Hydroxyecdysone] See Links/beta ecdysterone concentration in spinach. According to FLEX Magazine, beta ecdysterone does not impact gene expression. However, ecdysteroid-inducible gene switches have been developed for gene therapy. "Spinach is one of the very few crop plants which produce large amounts of PEs, of which 20-hydroxyecdysone is the major component." from Ahmed Bakrima, Annick Mariaa, Fouad Sayahb, Rene Lafonta and Najat Takvorian, Ecdysteroids in spinach, Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Volume 46, Issue 10, October 2008, Pages 844-854. It seems no one claims that beta ecdysterone boosts the immune system, which would be true if it had the telomerase activation properties we are looking for.
(55) VEGF2. [Links/VEGF2, Links/VEGF2 is a telomerase activator] is a telomerase activator according to Erusalimsky JD, 2009, Vascular endothelial senescence: from mechanisms to pathophysiology, J. Ap. Physiology, 106/1/326, 2009. It is probably unsuitable for our purposes, however. See also Hong Y, Quintero M, Frakich NM, Trivier E, Erusalimsky JD, 2007, Evidence against the involvement of nitric oxide in the modulation of telomerase activity or replicative capacity of human endothelial cells, Exp Gerontol 42: 904-910, 2007.
(56) G-CSF: granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) [Links, Images]. is a telomerase activaor in haematopoetic stem cells. See Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor administration upregulates telomerase activity in CD34+ haematopoietic cells and may prevent telomere attrition after chemotherapy, British Journal of Haematology, January 2003, 120:2.
(57) PhosphatidylInositol 3'-kinase [Links, Images]. Growth Hormone (GH) may activate telomerase directly through the PI3-K signaling pathway employing PhosphatidylInositol 3'-kinase. See the article:
L Gomez-Garcia, FM Sanchez, MT Vallejo-Cremades, IA Gomez de Segura and E De Miguel del Campo, Direct activation of Telomerase by GH via phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase, Journal of Endocrinology, 2005, 185, 421-428. See also Wikipedia/Phosphoinositide 3-kinase, which introduces the family of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinases. See Marcia Bellon, and Christophe Nicot (2008), Central role of PI3K [?] in transcriptional activation of hTERT in HTLV-I-infected cells, Blood, 1 October 2008, Vol. 112, No. 7, pp. 2946-2955. "We found that IL-2/IL-2R signaling was associated with a PI3K [?]-dependent/AKT-independent transcriptional up-regulation of the endogenous hTERT promoter."
(58) Akt protein kinase [Links, Images]. See Kang SS, Kwon T, Kwon DY and Do SI, 1999, Akt protein kinase enhances human telomerase activity through phosphorylation of telomerase reverse transcriptase subunit, Journal of Biological Chemistry, 274, 13085-13090.
See Links/Akt protein kinase enhances human telomerase activity. See [Links/Akt kinase].
(59) c-Myc [Links/c-Myc]. See Wu KJ, Grandori C, Amacker M, et al, 1999, Direct activation of TERT transcription by c-Myc, Nature Genet.,, 21, 220-224. See [Links/c-Myc activates telomerase, Papers/Direct activation of hTERT by c-Myc].
(60) Progesterone. [Links/Progesterone, Links/Progesterone activates telomerase] There are sites on the hTERT promoter that interact with signal molecules generated by surface cell receptors for progesterone as well as for estrogen.
(61) Antisense oligode-oxyribonucleotides (ODNs) against Bcr-Abl/c-Abl mRNA. [ Links/antisense oligode-oxyribonucleotides against Bcr-Abl/c-Abl mRNA, antisense oligode-oxyribonucleotides, oligode-oxyribonucleotides, Bcr-Abl/c-Abl mRNA]. See BAKALOVA Rumiana ; OHBA Hideki ; ZHELEV Zhivko ; KUBO Takanori ; FUJII Masayuki ; ISHIKAWA Mitsuru ; SHINOHARA Yasuo ; BABA Yoshinobu ; (2004), Antisense inhibition of Bcr-Abl/c-Abl synthesis promotes telomerase activity and upregulates tankyrase in human leukemia cells, FEBS letters, 2004, vol. 564, no1-2, pp. 73-84 [12 page(s) (article)].
(62) Survivin [Links, Papers]. See Endoh T, Tsuji N, Asanuma K, Yagihashi A, Watanabe N. (2005), Interaction between survivin and aurora-B kinase plays an important role in survivin-mediated up-regulation of human telomerase reverse transcriptase expression, 1: Exp Cell Res. 2005 May 1;305(2):300-311.
(63) Arsenic, a poisonous tumor promoter, also elevates hTERT levels.
(64) Androgens. Some androgens seem to activate telomerase, perhaps after conversion into estrogens. For example, aromatase can convert testosterone into estrogen. See Rodrigo T. Calado, William T. Yewdell, Keisha L. Wilkerson, Joshua A. Regal, Sachiko Kajigaya, Constantine A. Stratakis, and Neal S. Young, 2009, Sex hormones, acting on the TERT gene, increase telomerase activity in human primary hematopoietic cells, Blood,, 10 September 2009, Vol. 114, No. 11, pp. 2236-2243. These authors claim to have activated telomerase in human primary hematopoietic cells with androgens [Links/androgens, Books/androgens; Links/activation of telomerase with androgens, Books/activation of telomerase with androgens, Papers/activation of telomerase with androgens]. See also Chuanhai Guo, Blaine N. Armbruster, David T. Price, Christopher M. Counter, (2003), In Vivo Regulation of hTERT Expression and Telomerase Activity by Androgen, Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, Volume 170, Issue 2, Part 1, Pages 615-618 (August 2003).
Music: When I'm 64 by The Beatles (Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band).
(65) E6/E6AP, something from virology and cancer not to be used. [Links/E6/E6AP, Images/E6/E6AP]. See Xu M, Luo W, Elzi DJ, Grandori C, Galloway DA, (2008), NFX1 interacts with mSin3A/histone deacetylase to repress hTERT transcription in keratinocytes, Mol. Cell. Biol. (2008). E6/E6AP is a ubiquitin ligase obtained from human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV16) and is associated with "Angelman Complex", and is too dangerous to be used, most likely. It seems to attack the p53 tumor-suppressor virus with ubiquination. Probably materials derived from drugs used for centuries will be more popular than medicines distilled from disease-associated viral proteins in any case. The papilloma virus may be associated with cervical cancer and genital warts. I note that vaccines against this class of viruses have recently been developed. See Scheffner M, Huibregtse JM, Vierstra RD, Howley PM, (1993), The HPV-16 E6 and E6-AP complex functions as a ubiquitin-protein ligase in the ubiquitination of p53., 1: Cell. 1993 Nov 5;75(3):495-505.
(66) Bmi-1 protein. [Links/Bmi-1 protein, Images/Bmi-1 protein]. Associated with the Bmi-1 oncogene connected with breast cancer. Perhaps too dangerous to be used for therapeutic purposes in lengthening telomeres. Anyway, it has a bad name for itself. See Dimri GP, Martinez JL, Jacobs JJ, Keblusek P, Itahana K, Van Lohuizen M, Campisi J, Wazer DE, Band V (2002), The Bmi-1 oncogene induces telomerase activity and immortalizes human mammary epithelial cells, Cancer Res, 2002.
(67) Terminalia chebula [Links, Images, Papers] (Combretaceae) [Links], Haritaki [Links, Images, Papers], The ethanol extract from the fruit of Terminalia chebula (Combretaceae), or Haritaki. Also termed chebulic myrobalan [Links, Images, Papers,]. See MinKyun Na, KiHwan Bae, Sam Sik Kang, Byung Sun Min, Jae Kuk Yoo, Yuko Kamiryo, Yu-ichiro Senoo, Seiichi Yokoo, Nobuhiko Miwa, (2004), Cytoprotective effect on oxidative stress and inhibitory effect on cellular aging of Terminalia chebula fruit, Phytotherapy Research, Volume 18 Issue 9, Pages 737 - 741, Published Online: 11 Oct 2004. This one is a popular panacea in Aryurvedic Medicine and is sold! See also [Links/Terminalia chebula fruit extract, Images/Terminalia chebula fruit extract]. Also known as Haritaki [Links]. See Haritaki Extract [Images, Links]. Chebuloside II, a pentacyclic triterpene glucoside also described as a triterpenoid glycoside, [Links/Chebuloside II, Article including the molecular structure of chebuloside II (p.113)] is used as a marker for the quality of the ethanolic extract. This particular molecule reminds me of astragaloside IV in its structure. "Terminalia chebula is a tree with a rounded crown and spreading branches. Its principle constituents contain chebulagic acid [Links], chebulinic acid [Links],and corilagin [Links]. Its fruits have laxative, stomachic, tonic and alterative properties. It is also known as an adaptogen and hepatoprotective drug." - PharmacyEscrow.com. Note that "Haritaki" is described as "alterative" by PharmacyEscrow.com, suggestive, perhaps, of Matahari side-effects. (Music: Time After Time by Cyndi Lauper.) See Ritu Haritaki Rejuvenative Use Of T. Chebula for its preparation of Haritaki as a cold infusion, hot infusion, tea, powder, extract tab or capsule. See also Banyan Botanicals: Haritaki.

Search Links/activate telomerase for more articles and substances that activate telomerase and for investigations of the hTERT promoter [Links/the hTERT promoter, Links/the hTERT promoter sequence, Wikipedia/Promoter]. See also Geron's patent on screening for telomerase activators and inhibitors and books and articles telomeres and replicative senescence: [Books, Amazon, LifeExtension,
LifeExtension/telomere_therapy]. See Papers on telomerase activation, and papers on telomerase activation treatment, also papers on therapeutic telomerase activation, and Books/telomere homeostasis [Links, Papers].
It is safest to use only approved quality pharmaceutical products according to the instructions of the manufacturer. Using telomerase activators involves temporarily interfering with a cancer suppression mechanism, although the two telomerase genes hTR and hTERT for the RNA and protein components of the telomerase enzyme are not oncogenes that cause cancer. The fact that many cancers up-regulate telomerase to allow tumor growth makes telomerase itself a cancer alarm bell, however. Obviously, when up-regulating telomerase on a temporary basis for telomere extension, one should be particularly cautious about excluding carcinogens from the environment and use anticancer nutraceuticals or medicines known not to interfere with telomerase activation. Cancer-suppressing garlic's allicin, for instance, inhibits telomerase activation and should not be used while activating telomerase for telomere extension. See the list of telomerase inhibitors above. Later on, I suppose effective and thoroughly tested temporary telomerase activation procedures to lengthen telomeres will become popularly available using pharmaceuticals from reputable vendors. Medical supervision involving telomeric measurements for feedback control may or may not be required.

Telomere Capping Activators [See Telomere Capping Proteins]
Telomere capping activators include the small molecule telomerase activators, above, because they can be applied to close the telomere t-loop and prevent cellular senescence. However, there are proteins that are not telomerase activators, but which are involved in telomere capping, such as EST1, TRF2, or drugs which may be applied to stimulate telomere capping, such as the statin drugs atorvastatin and pravastatin or exogenous TRF2.

Telomere measurement - Five methods for measuring the length of telomere repeats have been described:
(1) Telomere measurement by quantitative PCR. See also Telomere length measured at nucleotide resolution by gene sequencing after telomere PCR. See Richard M. Cawthon, Telomere length measurement by a novel monochrome multiplex quantitative PCR method, Nucleic Acids Res. 2009 February; 37(3) and Biotechniques.com/A quantitative real-time PCR method for absolute telomere length, and Marcel E. Gil and Thérèsa L. Coetzer, (2004) Real-time quantitative PCR of telomere length, Molecular Biotechnology, Volume 27, Number 2, June, 2004.
(2) Southern blot analysis of telomere restriction fragments.
(3) Quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization with digital fluorescence microscopy (Q-FISH).
(4) Quantitative fluorescence in situ hybridization with flow cytometry (flow-FISH).
(5) Quantitative fluorescent in situ hybridization laser scanning cytometry (Q-FISHLSC) using a fluorescent-labeled peptide nucleic acid probe. For laser scanning cytometry for measuring fluorescent signals from LSC, see CompuCyte, Cambridge, Mass.
Telomere Length Analysis with Multi-Color Flow-FISH [Books, Amazon, Papers, Patents, at Repeat Diagnostics, Wiki/Flow FISH]
Telomere Length Analysis via T/C-Fish (telomere/centromere-FISH) [Links, Papers, Amazon; Links/telomere-centromere FISH].
Quantitative Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (Q-FISH) [Links, Books, Papers, Patents, Amazon]
See [Books/telomere measurement, Books/telomere length assessment, NCBI Papers].
[Books/Telomeres and Telomerase: Methods and Protocols, Links, Papers].
See Links/restriction endonucleases for telomere length research and Books/Endonucleases.
Links/restriction endonuclease sources. See New England Biolabs
Books/human sub-telomeric sequences [Links].
Google/Telomere Kits
Repeat Diagnostics [See How Long are My Telomeres article from RevGenetics, mfg Astragaloside IV.]

Telomerase Expression Measurements - TRAP - Telomerase Repeat Amplification Protocol (Links) [Books, Papers], TRAP kits [Links, Books, Papers]. TRAP is "the gold standard" in telomerase activation measurements, "but requires fresh or snap frozen samples for enzyme preservation. Alternative measures include RT-PCR for hRT and for hTERT mRNA." See also [Books/Telomerase Expression Measurements, Links, Links/Telomerase Measurements, Books/Telomerase Measurements].
[Books/Telomeres and Telomerase: Methods and Protocols, Links, Papers].
Allied Biotech, Inc. - Telomerase Detection Kits [Links, Books].
Telomerase enzyme activity [Books] requires expression of two genes [Links/GenBank],
hTRT [Books], the protein catalytic component gene, and
hTR [Books], the telomerase RNA component. [Books/measuring telomerase enzyme activity, Books/measuring telomerase activation, Links/telomerase-associated gene sequences].
See Telomerase-associated gene expression measurements via Northern Blot analysis
____[Links, Papers, (Links/Northern Blot analysis, Books)].
Telomerase-associated gene expression measurements via nuclease protection assays
____[Links, Papers, (Links/nuclease protection assays, Books, Papers)]
Telomerase component gene expression measurement via RT-PCR ISH
____[Links, Papers, (Links/RT-PCR ISH, Books, Papers)]
Quantitative Telomerase Detection Kit, US Biomax, Inc.
Google/Telomerase Kits

[81bs] Senile Purpura (ecchymosis) [LifeExtension, Books, Links, Images, Wikipedia]. Since this results from collagen loss, and vitamin C is used in collagen synthesis [Links, nuskin article], perhaps it could be treated with Vitamin C in combination with bioflavonoids, taken orally or also from a vitamin C skin cream. Another approach is to use Bilberry capsules [LifeExtension, Links, Wikipedia]. Bilberry strengthens capillary walls and veinous walls in general, and may be useful for treating senile purpura. A typical cruel prescription these days with senile purpura is "wait and see", and it is often listed as primarily a concern of embalmers.
"Progressive loss of collagen in the dermis and vascular wall may lead to characteristic lesions of old age - senile purpura. The purpura usually occurs on the dorsum side of the hands and the wrists and on the forearms. The lesions may be quite large and are well-demarcated. The skin is very thin, the dorsal veins have fragile walls, and venipuncture may result in rapidly spreading purpura. The lesions resolve slowly. No specific treatment exists..... Purpura due to damage of the vessel wall of the terminal vessels are seen in several metabolic disorders such as diabetes mellitus, vitamin C deficiency (scurvy), Cushing's syndrome following corticosteroid therapy, and uremia. Paraproteinemias and amyloidosis may also lead to purpura." - from Modern Hematology: Biology and Clinical Management by R. Munker, E. Hiller, and R. Paquette.
"Bioflavonoids and ascorbic acid have been shown to increase capillary resistance and to mediate potent antioxidative radical scavenging activities.... We evaluated the clinical effect of oral bioflavonoids and ascorbic acid in patients with chronic progressive pigmented purpura (PPP)... In an open pilot study, oral rutoside (50 mg twice a day) and ascorbic acid (500 mg twice a day) were administered to 3 patients with chronic PPP. RESULTS: At the end of the 4-week treatment period, complete clearance of the skin lesions was achieved in all 3 patients. No adverse reactions were noted. All patients remained free of lesions at the end of 3 months after treatment. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest a beneficial effect of bioflavonoids in combination with ascorbic acid on PPP. " - from Life Extension Magazine, 2000.
Other papers show that treatment of purpura with vitamin C alone, without bioflavonoids, is often disappointing by comparison. Apples, bilberries, blueberries or other fruit might be used to supply the additional bioflavonoids.

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Your corrections and remarks are welcome. Please write to JimGreenHimself@gmail.com.
Disclaimer: These are student study notes for research on life extension, not the prescription of a medical doctor. These customer investigations of various anti-aging medicines and foods and associated disciplines are not to be interpreted as a medical doctor's prescription or product endorsement. Be sure to check a PDR (Physician's Desktop Reference) regarding dosage, contraindications, and side effects. See also Wal-Mart's checker for Drugs and Drug Interactions and Google Books Pharmaceutical References. It is best to use quality pharmaceuticals from reputable manufacturers according to the instructions of the manufacturer, and to avoid using mere chemicals that may be under investigation for pharmaceutical applications. Many of the tips and clues in this document could benefit from further testing and research.

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