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Index to Anti-Aging Medicine S-U || Home || ARC | ImmInst | SWL | Groups:LifeExtension |
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Anti-Aging Medicine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 || Labs | Foots | Refs | Sup Notes 1 | 2 | 3a | 3b | 4 | 5 | Vendors | Biblio | Change Log | Mortality Charts | Age Transformation Life Extension Magazine | IAAS | A4M | QC | Ray | Barron || Mechanisms of Aging | IN | SENS | MEME | METHUS || Springer | WSU A-B | C-D | E-H | I-L | M-O | P-R | S-U | V-Z || A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z |[ Wikipedia | Wikigenes | iHOP | SA Biosciences ]| Geron A, A', A'', B | TA Sciences | Sierra Sciences | Maximum Telomere Support | RevGenetics | Terraternal Search: Journals || Wα | Calc | Scirus | BioInfoBank | National Library of Medicine | NIH | Elsevier EMBASE | Ingenta Connect | MedLine | Science Direct Google |[ Google Patents | Patent Lens ][ Google Books | LibCong | Amazon | Powells ][ Google Scholar | Wikipedia ][ MedLib | LibWeb] | Merriam-Webster |
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Sahelian, Ray, prolific antiaging medicine man. Home Salad Dressings [Links/antiaging salad dressings, LifeExtension/salad dressing], perhaps the best choice is extra virgin olive oil [LEF, Links] (which contains antioxidant hydroxytyrosol, oleuropien for improved proteasome [LEF] function, and anti-inflammatory oleocanthol) with salad spices from vinegar-and-oil-dressings. Some constituents of olive oil, such as olive oil flavonoids, squalene and olive oil polyphenols, may help to protect against cancer [76]. Flaxseed oil dressing [LEF, Links] is also recommended. Hold the vinegar and water. I note balsamic vinegar is often used in low calorie dressings. It is good to avoid most salad oils [IndexMO/Oils] and omega-6 oils. Note that "diets high in omega-6 fats [LEF] and saturated fats [LEF] are associated with greater prostate cancer risk, whereas increased intake of omega-3 fats from fish has been shown to reduce risk." - William Falloon, LE Magazine, Eating Your Way to Prostate Cancer, February 2007. [76]. SAMe [Smart-Drugs/SAMe, S-Adenosylmethionine, Books, Amazon] for heart, liver and brain protection, [25s]. Saponins [Wikipedia, Books, LibCong, Amazon, Papers]. This class of compounds includes telomerase activators [81s] such as the astragalosides [Books, Links, Papers] including astragaloside IV [Links, Books, Papers], astragenol [Papers, Books, Links], and cycloastragenol [Papers, Links, Books, article] which are triterpenoid saponins [Books/triterpenoid saponins, Links, Papers]. See Geron's European patent on compositions for increasing telomerase activity, or the A' alternate-source version Compositions and Methods for Increasing Telomerase Activity, or A''. The ginsenosides [Wikipedia] are also triterpene saponins, but found in ginseng. Ginsenoside RH1 [Links, Books, Papers] has been shown by Geron [Compositions..., p.29] to have telomerase-activating properties. However, it has been described as more weakly activating than astragaloside IV in certain experiments [81s/6b]. The astraverrucins [Links, Books, Papers] are saponins, and astraverrucins I and II [Links, Papers], which can be obtained from Astragalus Verrucosis, are telomerase activators. See the Chromadex kit of astragalus saponins. Satellite DNA [Wikipedia, Books, LibCong, Links, Amazon] is not transcribed as genes are, and includes sequences of minisatellite tandem repeats such as the vertebrate 5'-TTAGGG-3' tandem repeats in telomeres [Books/vertebrate telomeres]. Microsatellite DNA [Wikipedia, Links, Books] includes sequences of shorter tandem repeats 1-4 base pairs long such as 5'-CA-3'. Saw Palmetto [Links, Wikipedia, Books, LibCong, Images, Amazon]. Used with beta-sitosterol to correct BPH (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia) and male pattern baldness. "The herb works by multiple mechanisms, including inhibiting 5-alpha-reductase, interfering with dihydrotestosterone binding to the androgen receptor, by relaxing smooth muscle tissue similarly to alpha antagonist drugs, and possibly by acting as a phytoestrogen." SBIR Grant from SBA [Links]. Scar Management Cream [Links, Images]. Schwarzenegger, Arnold (bodybuilding) [22]. Scientific American articles on aging [2]. Seeds, [GreenWeb, Links/Seeds, Books/Seeds, Amazon/Seeds, Links/Astragalus Seeds, Links/Astragalus Membranaceus Seeds]. Selegiline (deprenyl) [92]. Selenium - Antioxidant selenium in the diet is anticancer and can increase glutathione peroxidase levels, Selenium and aging links. [Books, LibCong/selenium and aging, LibCong/selenium, Links, LifeExtension, 2006 article, Wikipedia, Ben Best]. See Links/Selenium Side Effects and Links/Selenium Poisoning. Senescence (M1) and Cancer (past M2 Crisis), [Senescence.info, Links, Ben Best, Books, LibCong, Patents, Amazon, Books/Cellular Senescence, Amazon/cellular senescence], [53]. See also Reversing Cellular Senescence [Links, Books, Amazon, Papers, Patents/senescence control in humans]. Small molecule telomerase activators (7), carnosine, relatively dangerous statin drugs requiring supplemental CoQ10, and certain telomeric loop control proteins such as TRF2 can change the senescent phenotype of cells back to the youthful phenotype, and with small molecule telomerase activators such as astragalus extracts, TA-65, cycloastragenol (Medicass, Index), or astragaloside IV [RevGenetics, Terraternal, Links] can do this in a relatively unlimited way by activating telomerase production to lengthen telomeres until telomere t-loops close, removing the open t-loop double strand break DNA damage signal that causes p53 [Links] or p16/Rb [Links/p16 gene, Links/Retinoblastoma protein Rb] to halt the cell cycle [Links] and transition to the M1 senescent state. This happens when perhaps 4,000 base pairs of telomere length remains, and the cell cycle halted, senescent state is described as the M1 state. Interfering with the cell cycle control tumor suppressor protein p53 [Links] and/or p16/Rb [Links/p16 gene, Links/Rb] can cause cell cycles to continue beyond M1, using up more telomere length until telomere fusion and other cancer-related events can take place leading to tumors as the M2 crisis state is reached. [See Links/Cancer-related cell cycles, Links/cancer cell cycles]. (Also, introduction of viral oncoproteins, such as simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen (LT) or human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and E7, into human cells before M1 allows continued proliferation with further shortening of telomeres, leading to M2 crisis [Hahn and Weinberg, 2002].) At this point, some cells with fused telomeres may recover their ability to generate hTERT and telomerase, resulting in cellular proliferation and tumor growth, which is in particular characteristic of epithelial cell carcinomas. Telomerase is reactivated in ~90% of human cancers (Artandi, 2006). "Increasing the amount of p53, which may initially seem a good way to treat tumors or prevent them from spreading, is in actuality not a usable method of treatment, since p53 can cause premature aging." - Wiki/P53. See also LifeExtension/Carnosine and Cellular Senescence. Note that lipofuscin accumulation and DNA damage from free radicals and other sources including telomere damage from homocysteine can also eventually lead to cellular senescence, so that one also specifies lipofuscin removers such as CoQ10, ubiquinol, alpha lipoic acid, DMAE, or centrophenoxine along with powerful antioxidants like Vitamin C, and a homocysteine shield including folic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and perhaps trimethylglycine (TMG) to protect against cellular senescence and maintain long telomeres. Other methods of preventing cellular senescence which are considered include gene therapy to install additional copies of hTERT or possibly c-Myc hTERT activator, plasmid installation of c-Myc, and other advanced measures, keeping telomeres long enough to keep the t-loops closed and avoid the M1 state. Note that c-myc shutdown is required for senescence [David Levens, 2008]. Senescent cells [Books, Images, Books2] exhibit an enlarged cell size, increased lysosome biogenesis, lower rates of protein synthesis and degradation, frequent lobulated nuclear morphology [Images], and expression of β-galactosidease and p16INK4a. Senescent cells growth arrest with G1 cell cycle DNA content, prior to S phase DNA replication. Oxidative damage due to hydrogen peroxide can also lead to senescence, so that it is a good idea to maintain high levels of glutathione peroxidase and catalase with endogenous antioxidant enhancers like ashwagandha, whey protein, and alpha lipoic acid. Senescence Pathway [Links, Amazon, Books, Papers, Images]. Normally, the DNA damage signal from eroded telomeres is transduced by the tumor suppressor p53, leading to the activation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21WAF1 and exit from the cell cycle. Stress-induced senescence (associated with say, ectopic expression of ras, or from telomere erosion, or from oncogene-induced senescence) can result from activation of p38, which leads to stabilization of p53 and p21WAF1 and subsequent cell cycle arrest. The p38 selective inhibitor SB203580 prevents ras-induced senescence in human BJ fibroblasts. New experimental p38 inhibitors include BIRB796, VX702, VX745, RI487, SCIO-469 and the new orally bioavailable RO3201195. p38 activation is associated with inflammation, is implicated in atherosclerosis, type II diabetes, and osteoporosis, and is thought to lead to subsequent production of inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha when p38 activation is chronic. p38 inhibitors may form a basis for antiaging therapies, especially with regard to Werner Syndrome. Davis and Kipling note that "...Senescent cells express elevated levels of ICAM-1 [Wikipedia, Books] on their plasma membrane, a feature that is associated with inflammatory conditions, being heavily expressed in Parkinson's Disease, ulcerative colitis, osteoporosis, atheroscelerosis, and rheumatoid arthritis. Senesecent cells also excrete inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-15, and transforming growth factor beta. In addition, aged fibroblasts have upregulated levels of IL-1α and IL-1β....senesecent cells in human tissues may help to create a markedly proinflammatory environment." - T. Davis and D. Kipling, from "Werner Syndrome, Telomeres, and Stress Signaling" in Telomeres and Telomerase in Ageing, Disease, and Cancer, edited by K. Lenhard Rudolph, p291. "Senescence requires activation of the Rb (retinoblastoma) and/or p53 tumor suppressor protein and expression of their regulators such as p16INK4a [Wikipedia, Links] and p15ARF.... Three tumor suppressor genes [Wikipedia, Links] are encoded in a common 40 kb stretch of human chromosome 9b21: 2 highly related CDK inhibitor proteins (p16INK4a and p15INK4b) and ARF, a regulator of p53 stability. Expression of p16INK4a and p15INK4b inhibits CDK4/6 activity [Links], leading to hyperphosphorylation of Rb-family proteins (Rb, p107, p130) and growth arrest [Links]. Expression of ARF inhibits the ubiquitin ligase activity of MDM2, thereby stabilizing p53. DNA damage inhibits p53 degradation by MDM2 in an ARF-dependent manner and can promote senescence independent of INK4a/ARF activation. DNA damage also likely activates p16INK4a." - N.E.Sharpless, "A Telomere-Independent Process", from Telomeres and Telomerase in Ageing, Disease, and Cancer, p188. Senile Purpura [81bs, Links]. Senile purpura are characteristic lesions of old age due to collagen loss in veinous walls. Possible treatments [Links] include vitamin C and Bilberry, and vitamin C with bioflavonoids. SENS (Strategies for Engineered Negligible Senescence) [Home, Books, Links, Wikipedia, Immortality Institute]. See also Aubrey de Grey [SENS Site, Books, Amazon, Links, Papers, Wikipedia, LifeExtension, Videos]. Separations, Phytochemical & Chemical [Links, Books, LibCong/chemical separations, Papers, Amazon; Links/chemical separations, Books/chemical separations, Amazon]. Serum, Young [Links, Books, Links/Aging Blood Serum, Books/Aging Blood Serum, activates muscle satellite stem cells, reviving old muscle, Links/activating muscle satellite cells with young serum, Links/Rejuvenation of aged progenitor cells by exposure to a young systemic environment]. Sesame Lignans, increase mitochondrial activity and fat-burning, enhance vitamin E activity, [LifeExtension, Books, Amazon, Links, Papers, Wikipedia/Lignan, Wikipedia/Sesame, Links/Sesame Lignans in Sesame Oil (Sesamin), Links/sesame seed oil], [26s]. Sesame Lignans protect against lipid peroxidation, and the effects of sesame lignans are augmented by fish oil and/or olive oil, which contains the powerful antioxidant hydroxytyrosol. Sesame Oil [Links, Wikipedia, LifeExtension]. Sesame seed oil contains the sesame lignans sesamol and sesamin. It is claimed that rubbing sesame oil into hair blackens hair, and it is also believed by some to prevent further hair loss. See Rosy Vohra, Sesame Oil and Its Effects to Reduce Age Related Senility. Toasted Sesame Oil oil is golden to dark brown in color, and I am trying to determine if the dark brown color is due to the presence of Advanced Glycation End products we prefer to avoid. Clear cold-pressed sesame oil is also available. "Commercial (sesame) oils are extracted with strong petroleum based solvents and heated to 450 degrees F. Such heat changes the excellent monounsaturated (oleic acid) fats to trans fats which are poisonous to the body." - Youthing Strategy Sesame Seeds [Links, Wikipedia, LifeExtension, World's Healthiest Foods]. Sesame "seeds, which have shown great potential in reducing blood lipid levels and blood pressure, fighting inflammation and cancer, boosting the body's antioxidant capacity, and enhancing vitamin E bioavailability..." are highly recommended. - Brian Zehetner, Sesame Seeds, LE Magazine, January 2008. Sex and Aging [Ben Best/Sex and Aging, from Mechanisms of Aging, by Ben Best. See also Sex Hormone Replacement in Older Adults by Ben Best, LibCong/sex and aging. [Erotic Hots Study Guide]. Shark Liver Oil [Links, Wikipedia, LibCong, LifeExtension; Links/Shark liver oil for lymph node swelling] [108]. A folk remedy for lymph node swelling and other disorders, containing alkylglycerols and squalene. Cold water shark liver oil contains the highest level of alkylglycerols found in nature, although alkylglycerols are found naturally in bone marrow, liver, spleen, and human breast milk. Shark liver oil is the most concentrated source of the 16 known alkylglycerols, a class of immunostimulants which boost macrophage and natural killer cell activity and which are involved in the production of white blood cells. Shark liver oil immune system stimulation increases antibodies, leukocytes and thrombocytes. Perhaps macrophage activity induced by shark liver oil consumes B-lymphocytes in lymph node folicular pockets to reduce the swelling of lymph nodes, which would make it useful against stage 1A lymphoma (as in early Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma from hair dye). It can be taken at 500-600 mg per day entirely without ill effect, but a 1500 mg serving of Shark Liver Oil can producing vomiting. Note that shark liver oil is a component of Preparation H. She Male Medical Problems She males will be better protected in the future against she male medical problems by medicines and nutraceuticals that have preventative effect. The blockage of the urinary tract due to prostate cancer [Wikipedia, LibCong/prostate cancer] can be fatal. (Note that relatively harmless BPH [Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia [Links, LibCong] can also cause temporary urinary tract blockage and a state of alarm.) See Urology [Wikipedia, Links, Books, LibCong, Amazon]. Another she male scourge is breast cancer [LibCong], probably preventable by treatment with telomere-lengthening astragalosides (telomerase activators) to prevent telomere fusion in breast epithelial tissue primarily responsible for carcinomas [LibCong/carcinomas]. One in 8 women suffers from breast cancer. Esophageal cancer [Links, LibCong] can result from tissue rejection phenomenae associated with the flow of semen through the esophagus, and might be prevented by a glass of water. Incidentally, colon cancer is typically caused by fat from a diet too rich in beef, which feeds a fat-feeding bacterium that produces a carcinogen, and is evidently not one of the typical she male scourges. High estrogen levels from she male sexual activity may be associated with heart flutters or heart attacks, and are sometimes associated with the "change of heart" that may be spoken of in connection with transformation. Yet another she male scourge is an aneurysm in the circle of Willis, which might result from overly vigorous "banging" of the "tale", sometimes associated with the New Moon and a story of falling in love. Many associated problems are quite generally encountered in love and sexuality, including HPV (genital warts [LibCong]) and other STDs. Solutions to all of these problems are available from preventive medicine and Life Extension Medicine now, but are more difficult in cases involving advanced prostate or breast cancer. See Transsexual Medicine [Links, Books, Links/Transsexual Medical Problems, Amazon/Transsexual Medicine]. Signs and Symptoms of Aging [Links, Books, LibCong/symptoms of aging]. Signs and Symptoms of Disease [LibCong/symptoms of disease, Wikipedia/Medicine (Books/Medicine), WebMD Symptom Checker, Merck Medical Manuals Online, Wikipedia/Medical Sign, Wikipedia/List of Medical Symptoms, Links/medical symptoms, Links/medical diagnosis, Wikipedia/List of acronyms on diseases and disorders; Wikipedia/Pathology, Links/Pathology, Books/Pathology]. Silymarin Ray/Silymarin (Milk thistle), anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, hepatoprotective (liver protective, used in cirrhosis of the liver, hepatitis), [Wikipedia/Silibinin, LifeExtension, Links, Books], [36s] (q). "Silymarin increases glutathione in the liver, stomach and intestines by over 50%." [Links/silymarin and glutathione] SIRT1 [Ben Best(SIRT1, Sir2, sirtuins, and gene silencing), Books/sirtuins, Books/SIRT1, Links/SIRT1, Books/gene silencing, LibCong/sirtuins, LifeExtension/situins, LifeExtension/SIRT1, LifeExtension/gene silencing, Ben Best/Sirtuins and Deacetylases in Aging] [27s], (1). Sirtuin Activators [Ben Best/(SIRT1, Sir2, sirtuins, and gene silencing), Links, Books, Amazon, Papers, Patents] Small molecule sirtuin activators include resveratrol and quercetin, both of which are coincidentally small molecule telomerase inhibitors. BIOMOL/Situin Activators marketed as sirtuin activators apigenin, epigallocatechin gallate, piceatannol (3,4,3',5'-tetrahydroxy-trans-stilbene, a phenolic stilbenoid and a metabolite of resveratrol found in red wine), and resveratrol. Skin [Books/skin rejuvenation, LibCong/skin rejuvenation, Links/skin rejuvenation, Papers/skin rejuvenation, Amazon/skin rejuvenation] Skin Biology: Skin health and aging skin, Histology of Wrinkles, anti-aging skin care products, Skin Care Forum, Wrinkle Treaments, IQ Derma, Hydroderm, EnergoTM, Resurgence, CoQ10 skin cream, Resilience Rescue L-Carnosine skin cream, Links/anti-aging skin creams, Links/skin rejuvenation, Links/Facial rejuvenation, Links/Dermatology, Links/Gerontological Dermatology, Aging Skin Dermatology, Make Me Heal: Anti-aging skin care products, Anti-Aging Clinics, Anti-Aging Doctors, Derm Net: Aging Skin, also see [104] on dark circles under the eyes, and Aging Skin Net, [54]. Small molecule telomerase activators are promising in treatment of skin conditions. (See Frontiers in Biomedicine By Allan L. Goldstein, p.15.) "Experiments have shown that inserting telomerase into old skin cells returns them to a healthy youthful state, so much so that they cannot easily be distinguished from young cells. A drug that has the same effect may stem and reverse skin failure as we age." - Sierra Sciences. In one set of experiments, transfection with hTERT restored collagen production in cells after 20 further cell divisions, but elastin production was not restored [Funk, 2000, according to Fossel, Cells, Aging, and Human Disease, Science, 2004, p.156-157]. Fossel speculates that the degree of success may depend on the degree of senescence, or that more population doublings are required to completely reset gene expression. See also Geron's Compositions and Methods for Skin Conditioning using small molecule telomerase activators such as astragaloside IV, cycloastragenol, astragenol, and astragaloside IV 16-one. See Terraternal Astragaloside IV Skin Cream. See also Dermatology [Wikipedia, Links, Books, Amazon]. Skin Clinics: Longevity Aesthetics, Links/Aging skin clinics, Books/Aging skin clinics. Skin and Collagenase [LifeExtension, Books, LibCong/collagenase, Amazon, Links] "Aging skin cells produce more collagenase, an enzyme that breaks down collagen. Also, cells become less responsive to signals to make fresh collagen, so the collagen layer underneath the skin begins to shrink and collapse...forming lines and wrinkles. ...Solar UV stimulates the production of collagenase. It also creates enormous numbers of free radicals in the skin." - from The Life Extension Revolution by Phillip Lee Miller, M.D. Green tea extract can inhibit collagenase activity. Telomolecular's Bimene uses nanotechnology to restore collagen in aging skin. Note that collagenase is matrix metalloproteinase 1, which is inhibited by Timp1. Skin Lesions Solar Lentigo [images, Links, Books, LibCong/skin lesions, Wikipedia], Seborrheic Keratosis [images, Links, Books, LibCong, Wikipedia], Nevus [images, Links, Books, LibCong, Wikipedia], Achrocordon [images, Links, Books], Sebaceous Hyperplasia [images, Links, Books], Actinic Keratosis [images, Links, Books], Xanthelasma [images, Links, Books], Verruca Vulgaris [common wart, images, Links, Books], Milia [images, Links, Books], Syringoma [images, Links, Books], SCC in Situ [images, images/Bowen's disease, Bowen's disease, Links, Books], Melanoma [images, coursework, Books, Links]. Many skin lesions, such as a keratosis or a wart, are conveniently removed by cryosurgical technique [Links, Books, Amazon], with liquid nitrogen or Compound W Freeze-Off. See also Dermatology [Wikipedia, Links, Books, Amazon]. Skin Lightening & Darkening Pills [Links/L-Glutathione Skin Lightening Pills, Images, Videos; Links/Skin Darkening Pills, Images, Videos]. In addition to its properties as an endogenous antioxidant, L-glutathione [Links] is sometimes formulated as a skin lightening pill. Oddly, skin darkening pill searches seem to turn up more on skin lightening. See [Links/Skin Darkening; Links/Tanning, Videos/Tanning]. Note that sunlight on the skin produces vitamin D (vitamin D3), and if one does not get enough sunlight, vitamin D had best be supplemented. Skin Aging Topics [LibCong/skin aging, IQ Derma, Books/the effects of gravity on skin, Books/effects of sleep lines on the skin, Books/effects of expression lines on the skin, Books/effects of hormonal c hanges on the skin, Books/effects of atrophy on the skin, Books/fine wrinkling resolved by stretching, Books/skin dryness, Books/epidermal atrophy, Books/Langerhans cells, Books/aging and the dermal-epidermal junction, Books/skin aging and cellularity decrease, Books/skin aging and elastic fiber decrease, Books/skin aging and loss of glycosaminoglycans, Books/extrinsic causes of skin aging, Books/skin aging and irregular pigmentation, Strivectin-SD skin cream, Best Wrinkle Creams, Hydroderm]. See Geron's Compositions and Methods for Skin Conditioning using small molecule telomerase activators such as astragaloside IV, cycloastragenol, astragenol, and astragaloside IV 16-one. Then see Terraternal Astragaloside IV Skin Cream. In addition, Matrixyl 3000 (palmitoyl tetrapeptide-3) [LifeExtension, Links] is a fatty acid mixed with amino acids, a lipo-peptide, shown to increase collagen synthesis [Links, Books, Papers, Patents] overall by up to 117% and collagen IV synthesis [Links, Books, Papers, Patents] by up to 267%. It also stimulates the healing of lower skin layers, dimenishing the appearance of wrinkles, and increases hyaluronic acid synthesis [Links] up to 267%. Noticibly younger skin with wrinkles half as deep is typically obtained within 2 weeks. See also Life Extension's New Face Solution and Resurgence. Telomolecular's Bimene uses nanotechnology to restore collagen in aging skin. Also consider skin treatment with Pomegranate: - Rich in punicalagins [Pomegranate, Links, Papers, Wikipedia], powerful antioxidants. Increases synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), inhibits oxidation of LDL cholesterol, when applied topically, promotes youthfulness in skin, slows PSA (prostate-specific antigen) doubling time (anti-prostate cancer), speeds wound healing when applied topically, inhibits cyclooxygenase(s) and lipoxygenase when applied to skin, increases collagen synthesis by skin fibroblasts, which also synthesize elastin. [LifeExtension, Links, Wikipedia, Books/antioxidant pomegranate, Books/Pomegranate in NO synthesis, Papers, Links]. See also Dermatology [Wikipedia, Links, Books, Amazon]. Also see Heather's Resveratrol plus Pliatrol skin care solution [Links/Pliatrol]. Smart Drugs [Ben Best, Books, Links, Amazon, LibCong/smart drugs, LifeExtension, Erowid/smart drugs]. S-methionine sulfoxide reductase A (via MsrA gene) [Links, LifeExtension], "High Quality Life Extension via peptidyl methionine sulfoxide reductase", Links/Life Extension via peptidyl methionine sulfoxide reductase, increases Drosophila life span 85%, [50s]. Smoking and Aging [Ben Best/Smoking and Aging, Images/smoking and aging, Images/smoking and life expectancy, System One Smoking Impact Graphics, Books, LibCong]: 25% of smokers live to 80, vs. 57% of non-smokers. SNPs - Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms [Wikipedia, Links, Books, LibCong, Amazon/SNPs analysis] in the human genome can create different scenarios for nutritional supplementation and medical treatment. See GeneLink, used by Solgar NutrigenomX, which provides a report on about 12 SNPs, together with tailored supplements from Solgar. See also Gene Essence, which prepares a personalized genetic information "Gene Essence Report" on about 90 medically important disease association SNPs through Biomarker Pharmaceuticals, using a DNA chip equipped with 1.8 million DNA probes to detect over 1 million SNPs. For more complete SNP coverage of the human and other genomes, see Applied Biosystems/AllSNPs. Also see the April 2008 article Genetic Polymorphisms and Human Aging: Association Studies Deliver [Links/Genetic Polymorphism and Human Aging, Books, Papers, Patents, LifeExtension, Amazon]. See also DNA microarrays [Wikipedia, Links, Books; Affymetrix, Applied Biosystems/AllSNPs]. Soba Noodles [Links, Images] are used in bodybuilding to improve definition. Society of Biogerontology [LibCong/biogerontology, Links/biogerontology]. Sociology of Death and Dying, [17]. SOD - Super Oxide Dismutase [Books/superoxide dismutase, LibCong/superoxide dismutase, Books/mitochondrial SOD, Books/extracellular SOD, Books/cytoplasmic SOD, LifeExtension/superoxide dismutase, LifeExtension/extracellular SOD, LifeExtension/mitochondrial SOD, LifeExtension/cytoplasmic SOD] [52] and sprouts [64s], wasabi SOD-booster substitute. ____MnSOD - Mitochondrial SOD [Links/MnSOD]. ____CuZnSOD - Cytoplasmic SOD [Links/CuZnSOD]. ____Intracellular SOD [Links]. Selenium & Copper SOD. ____Extracellular SOD [Links]. Selenium and copper SOD. SODzyme [Links/SODzyme and GliSODin SOD-boosters from Life Extension magazine, [52], [64s]. SOD-mimetics [MoreLife/SOD-mimetics, Books/SOD mimetics, Links, Amazon]. Sodium 4-Phenylbutyrate "Drosophila fed the histone deacetylase inhibitor 4-phenylbutyrate showed up to 52% longer maximum life span." [87]. Note that histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDAC inhibitors) expand chromatin, enabling gene transcription. Gene silencing via HDACs (or via SIRT1) that silence chromatin by contracting it to disable transcription has also been used for life extension benefits in other species. Some HDAC inhibitors such as Tricostatin A also activate hTERT to produce the catalytic component of telomerase, extending cell life span by extending telomeres to enable more cell divisions in mitotically competent cells. Sources: See [BIOMOL/HDAC Inhibitors, Links/Sodium 4-Phenylbutyrate]. South, James, articles by James South, supplements regimen. Spinach [Wiki/Spinach, a source of lutein and zeaxanthin, [25i]]. Spinach is also a source of Beta Ecdysterone [Links], a chemical found in spinach, having anabolic properties increasing muscle growth 20% according to recent studies at Rutgers University. Muscle & Fitness magazine recommends 100 mg with meals and before and after a workout, 400-500 mg/day. Sprouts for superoxide dismutase (SOD), wheat, corn, soy, [64s]. Squalene [Links, Wikipedia, Books, LifeExtension]. Often described as anticancer, present in shark liver oil and in olive oil. Squalene is the principal hydrocarbon found in your sebum, an oily substance secreted by the sebaceous glands in mammalian skin, where it amounts to approximately 12% of the total fat content. St. John's Wort [Links/St. John's Wort] for anti-depressive dopamine and serotonin level control. Statin Drugs - Often effective in closing telomere t-loops to halt senescence effects, but reduce CoQ10, so that statin drug users require more CoQ10. Statins [Links, Books, LibCong, Amazon] have been observed to provide an enhancement of the associated telomere protection biology [Paper, Books], but are often avoided due to certain hazards. In certain experiments atorvastatin (0.1 mol/L) and mevastatin (1.0 mol/L) both led to a more than 3-fold increase in the expression of the telomere capping protein TRF2 (telomere repeat-binding factor), as shown by immunoblotting. Today atorvastatin is available by prescription, but mevastatin is not used due to multiple side effects. Uncapping of telomeres may be detected by the loss of TRF2, and the effect of the statins has been produced by application of exogenous TRF2 [Books, Papers], which protects human telomeres from end-to-end fusions. PARP1 interacts with TRF2 and is involved in repairing damaged telomeres. "As the length of telomeres in leukocytes shortened the risk of coronary heart disease increased... the risk was substantially attenuated by pravastatin [Links, Books]. Since statins have been shown to increase the production of a protein-telomere capping protein that prevents telomeres from shortening it is a potential hypothesis that statins bring about their benefit by this mechanism. This is very early research but it implies that statins could well have the ability to slow certain aging processes." - ErinPharm Gazette, Jan. 2007. I note that my friends have warned me not to meddle with statin drugs due to side effects [article, Books, Links] such as lowering the body's level of CoQ10. Stem Cell Technology, [Links, LibCong, 5, 56], (8), [5], [6], [10], [56]. See Activate Your Stem Cells. Stem cells treated with small molecule telomerase activators such as astragalus extract or astragaloside IV exhibit extended lifetimes allowing them to divide and proliferate vigorously, so that stem cells become more numerous. Stem Cells Links/stem cells, LibCong/stem cells, grown from human skin, Human Embryonic Stem Cells, culturing links, Biocompare stem cell culturing hardware. See also Books/Bone marrow stem cells (Videos, Images, Amazon, LifeExtension); Wikipedia/Mesenchymal stem cells (Books, Images, Papers, Patents, LifeExtension, Amazon); Wikipedia/Hematopoietic stem cells (Books, Images, Papers, Patents, LifeExtension, Amazon)]. Stem Cells - Rick Weiss, "The Power to Divide - Stem Cells", National Geographic, July 2005, pg.2, NIH Stem Cell Information, Stem Cell Basics, Stem-Cell Research: Where Does It Go From Here?, Stem Cells Journal, Stem Cell Research Foundation, TIME on stem cells, Wikipedia on Stem Cells (Stem Cells as Green Gems.), Embryonic Stem Cells at the University of Madison, Wisconsin, LibCong/stem cells, Links/stem cells [56], [6]. Also see Regenerative Medicine. StemLifeLine - A San Francisco based firm offering personalized stem cell creation for individualized therapies. [TIME article, (8)]. Steroid Receptor Superfamily [Links, Books, Amazon, Papers, Patents] Steroid hormones [Wikipedia, Books] like estrogen or ecdysone (both telomerase activators), may be transported through the cell membrane and bind to steroid receptor superfamily proteins that can pass through the nuclear pore, bind to DNA, and activate transcription. Alternatively, some receptors are already bound to the promoter or enhancer region of a gene, and require the presence of a drug to bind to a receptor site to activate transcription of mRNA, which is subsequently bound to ribosomes in the rough endoplasmic reticulum to produce proteins or enzymes via translation with tRNAs. These are a family of nuclear transcription factors. Certain drugs (including perhaps telomerase activator cycloastragenol) can bind to nuclear transcription factors [Links, Books, Wikipedia/transcription factor] bound to gene promoters, or bind to nuclear transcription factors that subsequently become bound to gene promoters, activating gene transciption. Strivectin-SD Skin Cream - Includes a patented and effective anti-wrinkle oligopeptide [Links/anti-wrinkle oligopeptide]. Stroke [Books, LibCong, Links, LifeExtension] [74]. Also see Stroke Recovery [Links, Books, Amazon, LifeExtension]. Stroma [Definition, Links] The supportive tissue around an organ secreted and maintained by fibroblasts, which typically have a Hayflick limit of 50. Sugar damage [Mercola/Sugar damage, LibCong/glycation, sugar and insulin], [47], (5). See index entries for Glycation, Protein Glycation, Carbonylation of Proteins, Carbonylation of Proteins or DNA, Diabetes, Caloric Restriction, and Metabolic Syndrome. Sulforaphane and isothiocyanates [VitaCost/Sulforaphane and isothiocyanates, Wikipedia/Sulforaphane, LifeExtension/Sulforaphane, Books/sulforaphane, LibCong, Books/isothiocynates, LibCong/isothiocyanates, LifeExtension/isothiocyanates] in broccoli, Links, [25f], sulforaphane protects retinal pigment epithelial cells against photooxidative damage, is cancer-preventative, and helps suppress Helicobacter pylori, a bacterium that causes stomach ulcers and is associated with many cases of stomach cancer [LifeExtension, July 2009]. Sulforaphane is used to prevent prostate cancer, as well as stomach cancer, and is generally valuable for its antioxidant properties. Sulforaphane is found in greatest abundance in broccoli sprouts [Links/sulforaphane in broccoli sprouts]. Supercentenarians are over 110 years of age. [Books, Links, LifeExtension, Wikipedia]. Only 153 supercentenarians [Amazon, Books, Links, LifeExtension, Wikipedia, Wikipedia/Centenarian, Supercentenarian Counts] over 110 years of age are known to exist in the 18 major developed countries according to Robert & Vaupel, 2001, cited by the biology of aging [Books, Amazon] expert Robert Arking, although gerontologist Robert Young has found 696 claimants worldwide. Note that more than 56,000 Americans are centenarians over 100 years of age. The 122 year, 164 day world record holder in aging is Jeanne Calment (b.1875-d.1997). Superoxide Dismutase [Wikipedia/Superoxide Dismutase, Books, LibCong, LifeExtension], "The SOD molecule in the cytoplasm contains copper & zinc atoms (Cu/Zn-SOD), whereas the SOD in mitochondria contains manganese (Mn-SOD)." (Ben Best), Superoxide Dismutase image, the 3 SODS, Superoxide Dismutase and Oxidative Stress, Google links, Life Extension mag on Superoxide Dismutase, [52], [48s], [49s]. Superoxide Dismutase, extra-cellular [Links, Books, Papers, LifeExtension], structure still unknown. Superoxide Dismutase, mitochondrial [Links, Books, Papers, LifeExtension]. Superoxide Dismutase, cytoplasmic, [Books, Amazon, Links, Papers, LifeExtension]. Superoxide Dismutase links, LibCong, [52]. Supplement Dosages, Optimum for anti-aging, [Links, Books, LibCong, Papers, LifeExtension] [62s]. Supraphysiological Mitogenic Signals [Books]. These can cause a cell to enter the senescent state. Chromosomal damage can also cause cellular senescence [Books, Links], which is typically due to shortened telomeres that finally produce a DNA damage signal when capping telomere t-loops come undone. Surgery, anti-aging, today usually plastic surgery for rejuvenation, probably more stem cell and bone marrow transplant-oriented in the future. [Links, Books, LibCong, Papers, LifeExtension]. Surgical Methods, See Bibliography/Surgical Methods, LibCong/surgical methods. Synthetic Catalytic Scavengers [Links, Books, Papers, LifeExtension] from Eukarion, (1) ___Extend the life span of C.Elegans 50%. TA-65 [Links], a telomerase activator, also termed Geron GRN-665, now a product of TA Sciences [TA Sciences back pages], obtained from an extract of Astragalus Membranaceus Root [81s/6b]. TA-65 is probably cycloastragenol [Links], to be taken 5 mg/day 3 months on, 3 months off for a year, which may be obtained chemically from telomerase activator astragaloside IV [Links] or otherwise from Astragalus Membranaceus (7, Links). See the Geron Patent Compositions and Methods for Increasing Telomerase Activity (or the A' alternate-source version Compositions and Methods for Increasing Telomerase Activity, or A'') and Formulations Containing Astragalus Extracts and Uses Thereof. Also see Recharge Biomedical/tables of Expression Profiles of Genes Involved in hTERT Promoter Regulation, which include data for Sierra Sciences C0057684 and TA Sciences TA-65. The same file has tables of genes upregulated and downregulated by TA-65. TA-65 Therapy may be managed through Recharge Biomedical, via Telomerase Activation managed by Al Sears, MD, or from TA Sciences. Alternatively, one may take cycloastragenol with chitosan to enhance bioavailability as Astral Fruit-C from RevGenetics. Geron's TAT2, which might be TA-65, has been identified as Cycloastragenol, CAS Registry no. 84605-18-5. TA-65 Physicians include Al Sears, MD of Telomerase Activation and Recharge Biomedical Clinic (Dr Edward Park). See also TA Sciences in New York City. TA Sciences [TA Sciences Site, TA Sciences back pages], telomerase activation via TA-65, an astragalus extract, probably cycloastragenol [81s/6b]. Geron's preferred embodiments for a small molecule telomerase activators are based on astragaloside IV, cycloastragenol, astragenol [Links], and astragaloside IV 16-one [Links], although they have named several other effective compounds also obtained from astragalus root extract [Links], including cycloastragenol 6-β-D-glucopyranoside and cycloastragenol 3-β-D-xylopyranoside. Geron also names astragalosides A, 1, 2, 7, and astraverrucins I and II, which can be obtained from Astragalus Verrucosis, as telomerase activators. Geron has also described a "formula III" telomerase activator embodiment, ginsenoside RH1, obtained from ginseng. (7), [81s/6b]. Tatoo Removal [Links, Books, Amazon, images, Papers]. TAT0002 [Bionity News/TAT0002, a small-molecule telomerase activator from Geron (probably cycloastragenol, or TA Sciences TA-65), announced by Geron and a subsidiary TA Therapeutics. TAT0002 is presently used in AIDS therapy. It may become useful in life extension work, say on the skin, now to involve telomerase activation therapies. [Links/TAT0002]. According to a source at the Immortality Institute, "Telomerase induction (was) tested originally using a 10:1 95% ethanolic extract of Astralagus root (this extract was called GRN925, the preparation of which is described in the 2005 Hong Kong patent Formulations Containing Astragalus Extracts and the Uses Thereof on page 37 as "Example 1".). The most potent compound in the extract seems to be astragaloside IV (probably TAT0001) or cycloastragenol [Links], one of which which may be the GRN-665 (TA-65) TAT0002 molecule." Search for the CAS Registry number of TAT2, which identifies it as cycloastragenol. Geron's TAT2, which might be TA-65, has been identified as Cycloastragenol, CAS Registry no. 84605-18-5. One may take cycloastragenol with chitosan to enhance bioavailability as Astral Fruit-C from RevGenetics. Taurine, "an amino acid present in fish, is able to restore normal blood vessel function in smokers." (LE) "Congestive heart failure responds favorably to taurine therapy." (LE), [Books, LibCong, Links, LifeExtension], [36s] (k). Tea Polyphenols Cancer.gov/Tea Polyphenols, are anticarcinogenic, cardioprotective, and neuroprotective. [Books, LibCong, Links, LifeExtension], [25b]. See Amy R. Cameron, Siobhan Anton, et al., Black tea polyphenols mimic insulin/insulin-like growth factor-1 signalling to the longevity factor FOXO1a, Aging Cell, Volume 7, Issue 1, Pages 69 - 77, 13 Nov 2007. Also see Kishido, Takahiro; et al., Decline in glutathione peroxidase activity is a reason for brain senescence: consumption of green tea catechin prevents the decline in its activity and protein oxidative damage in ageing mouse brain, Biogerontology, pp. 423-430, Volume 8, Number 4, August 2007. [Wikipedia/Green Tea; Books/Green Tea Polyphenols, LibCong, Links, LifeExtension]. Teeth Straightening [Links, Books, LibCong/orthodontics, Papers]. Telomerase [Patent Lens/Telomerase, LibCong, telomerase database, telomere enlongation by telomerase pathway atlas], pronounced "tell-Oh-mer-Aze", or "tuh-LAH-mer-ace" (Life Extension magazine, 1998) and "TEE-LOM-ER-ACE" according to the Shay/Wright Laboratory. Elizabeth Blackburn: "Tel-om-er-aze". Google links, [45], [66], [81s]. - "Extension of life-span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells", Links, [3]. See Yu-Sheng Cong, Woodring E. Wright, and Jerry W. Shay, Human Telomerase and Its Regulation, Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, September 2002, p. 407-425, Vol. 66, No. 3. This is the 123 kilodalton enzyme composed of hTERT and hTERC parts that adds TTAGGG repeats to telomere tip-ends, foiling replicative senescence. Recently, it has been shown that the protein dyskerin [Links] from the gene DKC1 [Links] is a third component of the telomerase enzyme complex, which is stated to contain two molecules each of hTERT, hTRC, and dyskerin. See [Links/telomerase and dyskerin]. See Scott B. Cohen, Mark E. Graham, George O. Lovrecz, Nicolai Bache, Phillip J. Robinson, Roger R. Reddel, (2007) Protein Composition of Catalytically Active Human Telomerase from Immortal Cells, Science, 30 March 2007: Vol. 315. no. 5820, pp. 1850 - 1853. Telomerase Activation Therapies [Links, Books, Papers, LifeExtension, Amazon], [81s]. Note that astragalus contains the molecule used in TA-65 (Geron's GRN-665), a telomerase activator sold by TA Sciences. Small-molecule telomerase activators obtained from astragalus include astragaloside IV [Links, Books, Amazon, Links/astragalosides], cycloastragenol [Links], astragenol [Links], and other chemicals [81s/6b]. See also Astragalus & Toxicology of Astragalus, with vendors and Geron's Compositions and methods for increasing telomerase activity (or the A' alternate-source version Compositions and Methods for Increasing Telomerase Activity, or A'') with Formulations Containing Astragalus Extracts and Uses Thereof. Telomolecular Nanotechnologies proposes DNA nanocircles for telomerase activation, and Phoenix Biomolecular proposes a scheme to transport telomerase through cell membranes. See Telomere Remodeling with Cyclic Telomerase Activation for telomerase activation with off-the-shelf astragalus extracts. Telomerase Activators [Links, SupNotes3/Telomerase Activators, (7)]. Useful telomerase activators for application to cellular rejuvenation (between about B = -9 years per year or B= -8 years per year) include TA Sciences TA-65 and evidently also astragalosides from astragalus root extracts such as Solaray Astragalus Root Extract 6 x 200 mg = 1200 mg/day of extract for 5 mg of astragalosides per day or from Nature's Way Astragalus Root Extract available from Herbal Remedies taken at 5 mg of astragalosides per day. NO (nitric oxide) obtained from L-arginine (5 mg/day) and L-citrulline (200 mg to 1 gram/day) in the presence of exercise may be useful for telomerase-activating and rejuvenating the endothelial cells of the vascular endothelium [Vasa, et al., 2000, Hayashi, et. al, 2006, Haendeler, 2006, Erusalimsky, 2009]. ([Erusalimsky, 2009] suggests that SIRT1 is activated rather than telomerase by NO in endothelial cells.) A cyclic program of application such as the TA Sciences Patton Protocol (3 months on, 3 months off), or a 2-week on, 2-week off application alternating telomerase activators with telomerase inhibitors, has been used with good results in the case of astragalus extracts or TA-65. See also Astragaloside IV and cycloastragenol products from RevGenetics and Terraternal. The first small molecule telomease activator, Trichostatin A, was described in the year 2000 by Yu-Sheng Cong and Silvia Bacchetti. The next one discovered, Epithalon peptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly), found to regulate telomere homeostasis and at first obtained from the epiphysis of the pineal gland, was announced in 2003 by the St. Petersburg Institute for Bioregulation and Gerontology in Russia. The first American patents on telomerase activators stem from the Geron research group headed up by Calvin B. Harley and were published in May and June of 2005. In March 2007 TA Sciences announced TA-65, probably cycloastragenol, a smallest molecule astragaloside derivable by chemical treatment of more structurally involved astragalosides such as astragaloside IV. Chitin and sodium deoxycholate improve the bioavailability of astragalosides. Telomerase Chaparonins [Links, Papers]. Telomerase Induction [Amazon, Books, Papers]. Telomerase Modulation [Books, LibCong, Papers, Links, Amazon, Geron A & B, TA Sciences, Telomolecular Nanotechnologies, Sierra Sciences, Phoenix Biomolecular, GAIA Herbs, Solaray]. Telomerase Modulators [81s, Links, Books] Telomerase Promoter [Links, Books, Amazon] See Yu-Sheng Cong, Woodring E. Wright, and Jerry W. Shay, Human Telomerase and Its Regulation, and the index entry on the hTERT promoter. Telomerase Regulation [Links, Books, LibCong, Papers] See Yu-Sheng Cong, Woodring E. Wright, and Jerry W. Shay, Human Telomerase and Its Regulation, and the index entry on the hTERT promoter. Novel Telomerase Activators [Links] have been proposed in Israel at the WISTAR Institute based on the design of molecules to regulate telomerase. See WISTAR professor Emmanuel Skordalakes PhD [Links, Papers, Images]. In the body, telomerase is regulated by the epiphysis in the pineal gland via epithalon peptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly), a bioregulator initally discovered in pineal gland extracts in 2003 by the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. [Links/epithalon peptide, Papers/epithalon peptide, see also epitalon (aka epitalon) (Khavinson article preview).] Telomerase regulation [(7), 81s] may be programmed by telomerase activators and telomerase inhibitors [81s]. "Newly synthesized telomeric DNA serves as a platform that recruits DNA-binding proteins that serve to regulate telomerase activity and protect chromosome ends. In human telomeres several well-characterized proteins, called TRF1, TRF2, and POT1, carry out this process. Two proteins, called TIN2 and PIP1, mediate the recruitment and proper assembly of the above telomere-binding proteins on telomeric DNA. Our goal is to understand how TIN2 and PIP1 promote TRF1, TRF2, and POT1 binding to telomeric DNA and how this in turn regulates telomerase activity and protects chromosome ends from being recognized as DNA strand breaks. " - from Emmanuel Skordalakes PhD. Note that the TRF1 and TRF2 proteins bind double-stranded telomeric sequences, and that POT1 binds single-stranded telomeric sequences (from Hahn and Weinberg in Nature Reviews Cancer, May 2002). An analysis of the pathways involved is given in Qiagen/Telomere Extension by Telomerase and in Qiagen/Telomerase Components in Cell Signaling. Telomere Biology [Books, LibCong, Links, Papers, LifeExtension, Amazon, Yahoo Links]. See Qiagen/Telomere Extension by Telomerase and Qiagen/Telomerase Components in Cell Signaling. Telomeres [Ben Best, Books, LibCong, Links, Amazon, LifeExtension, LifeExtension/telomere homeostasis, Wikipedia]. See Geraldine Aubert and Peter M. Lansdorp (2008), Telomeres and Aging, Physiol. Rev. 88: 557-579, 2008. Note that "Higher levels of oxidative stress increase the rate of telomere shortening.", [32], [67], (1), (7), (10), [63]. Homocysteine has been found to increase the rate of telomere shortening, so a homocysteine screen with TMG, folic acid, vitamin B12 and vitamin B6 helps preserve telomere length. Telomere length can be boosted with telomerase activation therapies (7). [81s]. Human telomeres feature the repeating minisatellite DNA sequence TTAGGG. The first telomeres to be sequenced by Elizabeth Blackburn in 1978 were from Tetrahymena thermophila and had the sequence TTGGGG. Calvin B. Harley, A. B. Futcher, and C. W. Grieder showed in 1990 [article] that telomeres shorten as cells age. That the life span of cells could be extended with telomerase-induced telomere elongation was shown in 1998 by A.G. Bodnar, C.B.Harley, Woodring E. Wright, Jerry W. Shay, et al., in Links/Extension of Life Span by introduction of telomerase into normal human cells [article]. A viral vector was used to transfect a copy of the hTERT gene into the sample DNA to increase telomerase production in this early work. The landmark paper with telomere t-loops shown in electron microscopy, Mammalian Telomeres End in a Long Duplex Loop, was published in 1999. See also Telomeres Do D-Loop-T-Loop Minireview by Carol Grieder in Cell, May 14, 1999, which was published the same day. By 2001 we can find a paper by Judith Campisi, Sahn-ho Kim, Chang-Su Lim and Miguel Rubio [article] associating the opening of the telomere t-loop [Links] with the DNA damage signal stopping the cell cycle [Links] and the transition to the senescent state of the cell [Links]. The first drug that was discovered to activate telomerase seems to have been the histone deaceylase inhibitor (HDAC inhibitor) Trichostatin A, as described by Yu-Sheng Cong and Silvia Bacchetti in Histone Deacetylation Is Involved in the Transcriptional Repression of hTERT in Normal Human Cells, J. Biol. Chem., Vol. 275, Issue 46, 35665-35668, November 17, 2000. Trichostatin A [Links] can stop the cell cycle in early stages of development and is positioned as an antifunqual antibiotic these days, and is usually presented as harmful and not for human consumption as orally bioavailable medicine. An early telomerase activator for lengthening telomeres, epithalon peptide (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) first found in the pineal gland, was announced in 2003 by The Institute for Biogerontology in St. Petersburg, Russia. Geron announced telomerase activators obtained from astragalus extract in 2005, and subsequently TA Sciences announced TA-65 in 2007. Telomeres, Telomerase, and Cancer, Carol W. Greider, Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Sci.Am., 2/96, (1). Telomere Forum Bulletin Board, [3]. Telomere Binding Proteins [Links/telomere binding proteins, Books/telomere binding proteins, LibCong, Amazon/telomere binding protein, Patents/telomere binding proteins, Links/telomere proteins, Books/telomere proteins, Papers/telomere proteins, Patents/telomere proteins]. Some of these, such as TRF2, are crucial in closing the telomere t-loop to avoid or cure transition to the senescent phenotype. See (7)/Telomere Capping Proteins. For details of the role of telomere binding proteins in telomere maintenance pathways, see Qiagen/Telomere Extension by Telomerase and Qiagen/Telomerase Components in Cell Signaling. See also Telomere Loop Control Proteins, below. Telomere Length Measurement [Links, Images, Books, LibCong, Papers, Amazon, in Sup Notes 3, in Labs] (a) in blood granulocytes [Links, Books, Papers]. See Repeat Diagnostics and TA Sciences for associated commercial services [Links, Images]. See Richard M. Cawthon, Telomere length measurement by a novel monochrome multiplex quantitative PCR method, Nucleic Acids Res. 2009 February; 37(3) and Biotechniques.com/A quantitative real-time PCR method for absolute telomere length, and Marcel E. Gil and Thérèsa L. Coetzer, (2004) Real-time quantitative PCR of telomere length, Molecular Biotechnology, Volume 27, Number 2, June, 2004. Telomere Loop, Telomere t-Loop [Images, Books, Amazon], Telomere d-Loop [Images, Books, Amazon]. The telomere t-loop at the end of the chromosome springs open when the telomere becomes too short, generating a DNA damage signal leading to a cell cycle halt and entry into the senescent state. Lenthening the telomere with small molecule telomerase activators allows the telomere to cap itself and close the loop, so that the cell can resume cell division and transition back to the immortal phenotype. Overexpression of TRF2 can change the minimum closed length of the telomere t-loop by direct application of exogenous TRF2 or via the action of certain statin drugs, such as atorvastatin and pravastatin. See (7), and (7)/Telomere Capping Proteins, such as POT1, TRF1, TRF2, TIN2, TPP1, and Rap1. See also Qiagen/Telomere Extension by Telomerase and below for Telomere Loop Control Proteins. Telomere Loop Control Proteins (telomere nucleoprotein complex). According to GeneCards, the shelterin complex (telosome) is composed of the 6 proteins: Biocarta Telomeres, Telomerase, Cellular Aging, and Immortality Pathway Analysis, which notes that TRF1 (TERF1) binds the end repeats and prevents access to the chromosome ends. Also see [Links/telomere t-loop pathway analysis]. [Links/the telomere nucleoprotein complex, Images, Books, Papers; Links/the telosome, Images/the telosome, Books/the telosome, Papers/the telosome; Links/shelterin, Images/shelterin, Books/shelterin, Papers/shelterin; Links/telomere loop control proteins, Images/telomere loop control proteins, Books/telomere loop control proteins, Links/telomere loop control proteins]. Alias Nomenclature for Shelterin/Telosome TRF1 (TERF1 alias) [Links, Images/TRF1 gene, Images/TRF1 protein], TRF2 (TERF2, alias) [Wiki, Links, Images/TRF2 gene, Images/TRF2 protein], TIN2 (TINF2 alias) [Wiki/TINF2, Links/TIN2, Images/TIN2 gene, Images/TIN2 protein], TPP1 (ACD alias) [Wiki/TPP1, Links/TPP1, Images/TPP1 gene, Images/TPP1 protein], Note: The ACD gene is distinct from the gene TPP1 gene above on chromosome 11, which encodes tripeptidyl-peptidase. ACD - Adrenocortical dysplasia protein homolog, a protein encoded by the ACD gene, is one of six core proteins in the telosome/shelterin telomeric complex functioning to maintain telomere length and to protect telomere ends.) PIP1 (ACD gene alias) [Wiki/PIP1, Links/PIP1, Images/PIP1 gene, Images/PIP1 protein]. Rap1 (TERF2IP alias) [Wiki, Links, Images/Rap1 gene, Images/Rap1 protein], Ku Protein for double-strand break DNA repair Ku (See also Ku70, Ku80, Ku86, Ku70/80, and Ku protein complex) [Wiki/Ku_(protein), Links/Ku, Images/Ku gene, Images/Ku protein, GeneCards/KU gene, GeneCards/XRCC6 gene], Telomerase Components with Nucleolar Elements Note that telomerase itself is now thought to consist of 6 components, 2 molecules of hTERT protein [Wiki/hTERT, Links/hTERT, Images/hTERT gene, Images/hTERT protein], 2 molecules of hTRC RNA [Wiki, Links, Images/hTERC gene, Images/hTERC protein], and 2 molecules of Dyskerin [Wiki, Links, Images/Dyskerin gene, Images/Dysterin protein], that function in the Cajal bodies [Wiki/Cajal body, Links/Cajal bodies, Images/Cajal bodies], of the nucleolus [Wiki/Nucleolus, Links/Nucleolus, Images/Nucleolus], with certain other nucleolar proteins [Links/Nucleolar proteins, Images/Nucleolar proteins], localized to the Cajal bodies that are involved in DNA repair fiber-processing. See also Tobias Else, (2009), Telomeres and telomerase in adrenocortical tissue maintenance, carcinogenesis, and aging, Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, (2009) 43, 131-141. Telomere Maintenance via ALT, [34s]. See LibCong/telomere maintenance. Telomere Repair [Links, Books, LibCong, Papers, Patents, LifeExtension, Amazon, TA Sciences, Telomolecular Nanotechnologies, Sierra Sciences, Geron's Compositions and Methods for Increasing Telomerase Activity (or the A' alternate-source version Compositions and Methods for Increasing Telomerase Activity, or A'') and Formulations Containing Astragalus Extracts and Uses Thereof], and via relevant hormone introduction, [23s]. For a promising experimental program with readily available GAIA astragalus extract, see Telomere Remodeling via Cyclic Telomerase Activation, (7). Telomere repair is fundamental in modern long-range life extension technology, as telomere shortening routinely results in replicative cellular senescence in the human species. Telomere Shortening [Books, Papers, Patents, Images, LibCong]. Telomere shortening typically takes place in mitotic, dividing cells at a rate of approximately 50 base pairs per cell division, so that many mitotic cells in the body have a cell division limit of about 50 cell divisions. Adult stem cells, which express telomerase, can typically divide many more times, say 1000 times in deep epidermal keratinocyte stem cells, which transiently express telomerase when they divide. Furthermore, the germ line is telomerase-immortalized. However, "Chronic inflammation is associated with telomere shortening." - Caleb E. Finch, The Biology of Human Longevity, p.152. Vitamin C and a homocysteine blocker composed of folic acid, vitamin B12, vitamin B6, and trimethylglycine both attenuate telomere shortening. Telomere shortening can be reversed using small molecule telomerase activators in a program for rejuvenation via cyclic telomerase activation using astragalosides. Telomere-Telomere Fusion (telomeric fusion) appears to have taken place in karyotype evolution, for instance in the formation of human chromosome 2 [Paper: Wells, et al., 1990, Links, Image, YouTube Video, LibCong/Telomere Fusion] from the fusion of great ape chromosomes a few million years ago, and in Arabidopsis thaliana, near a centromere. The Great Apes have 24 chromosome pairs per ape vs. the human 23 chromosome pairs per human. "The internal (TTAGGG)n array found inside human chromosome 2 is very degenerate in sequence, with only half of the repeats being TTAGGG." (David Kipling, The Telomere, p.39.) Note that twins may be of the same or opposite sexes, suggesting that the human species started out something like the twins Romulus and Remus suckling at the breasts of a she-wolf at the foundation of Rome [images, Wikipedia]. The 23-chromosome pair fusion may have produced twins that copulated with each other to continue the human race after it formed from a 24-chromosome pair ape similar to a chimpanzee, quite possibly an aged, genomically unstable specimen. [Wikipedia/Chimpanzee genome project.] Mammals have widely varying numbers of chromosome pairs in their karytypes [ref, Links]. Dogs have 39 chromosome pairs, very different from great ape 24 or human 23. Telomeric fusion often results in dicentric chromosomes with 2 centromeres and subsequent apoptosis, unless one centromere is deactivated. According to Wikipedia, the longest-living chimpanzee in captivity was 75, and according to another article, the animal is Cheetah from the Tarzan movies, now 76. In the wild, chimpanzees are said by All About Chimpanzees to live 35-40 years, and in captivity, they live about 60 years. It looks like chimps are doing almost as well as man did around the turn of the century. "From 1900 to 2000, man's life expectancy grew from 45 to 75.". I guess this makes a common ancestor for chimps and man very credible. Many other primates have a much shorter lifespan. Telomere Therapies [Links, Images, Books, LibCong, Papers, Patents, Amazon]. See Telomere Remodeling with Cyclic Telomerase Activation, TA Sciences, Telomolecular Nanotechnologies, Sierra Sciences, Geron/Telomerase Activation, Geron's Compositions and Methods for Increasing Telomerase Activity, (or the A' alternate-source version Compositions and Methods for Increasing Telomerase Activity, or A'') and Geron & Hong Kong University's Formulations Containing Astragalus Extracts and Uses Thereof. See also the papers on telomere therapies in the references on lifexrefs/Small Molecule Telomerase Activators and sections (7) and [81s]. Telomeric Chromatin [Links, Books, Papers, Amazon] Human telomeric chromatin typically consists (say, in human fiblasts) of 7000 to 4000 base pairs of TTAGGG minisatellite hex repeats shortening with each division of the cell until the M1 state is reached at which chromosomal telomere t-loops open and a DNA double strand damage signal is processed leading cell cycle arrest and the senescent state of the cell. Chromatin in short human telomeres contains a different nucleosomal structure than chromatin in long telomeres. [H Tommerup, A Dousmanis and T de Lange, 1994. "Unusual chromatin in human telomeres", Mol Cell Biol, 1994 September; 14(9): 5777-5785.] Yeast telomeres contain no nucleosomes. Telomeric Chromosome Stabilization [Papers, Books, Amazon/Telomere Stabilization]. Telomeric Crisis: Cellular telomeric crisis due to shortening of cellular telomeres causes carcinomas [article, in breast cancer, Books, Papers, Amazon]. Telomeric DNA [Links, Amazon] Human telomeric DNA typically consists (say, in human fiblasts) of 7000 to 4000 base pairs of TTAGGG minisatellite hex repeats shortening with each division of the cell until the M1 state is reached at which chromosomal telomere t-loops open and a DNA double strand damage signal is processed leading cell cycle arrest and the senescent state of the cell. "Due to its high GGG content, telomeric DNA is particularly susceptible to oxidative damage and the generation of single strand breaks. Accordingly, the rate of telomere erosion is also greatly affected by the oxidative burden of the cell." - Jorge D. Erusalimsky, Vascular endothelial senescence: from mechanisms to pathophysiology, J Appl Physiol 106: 326-332, 2009. Also see Von Zglinicki T. Oxidative stress shortens telomeres, Trends Biochem Sci 27: 339–344, 2002. Telomeric Ends [Images, Books, Amazon]. Telomeric RNA [Links, Images, Papers]. See Science Daily, New Telomere Discovery Could Help Explain Why Cancer Cells Never Stop Dividing, concerning telomeric RNA, Oct 7, 2007. Telomeres also contain RNA that is transcribed from telomeric DNA, so that telomeric DNA is not silent. See Joachim Lingner, et al., Telomeric Repeat Containing RNA and RNA Surveillance Factors at Mammalian Chromosome Ends, Science Magazine, 2 Nov 2007. Telomolecular Nanotechnologies - Telomerase activation products, DNA nanocircles, and therapies. (Corporate Video). Tenilsetam (3-2-thienyl-2-piperazinone) cross-link inhibitor and nootropic [Papers, Links] Terratogens [Oxford/Teratogens dangerous to the developing human [49], LibCong/teratogens. Testes removal [94]. Testosterone Testosterone enables reverse cholesterol transport [Links, Books, LibCong, Papers, LifeExtension, Amazon], removing excess cholesterol from tissues and carrying it to the liver, thereby reducing the likelihood of atherosclerosis, heart attack, and stroke. Reverse cholesterol transport works by augmenting scavenger receptor B1 [Links] in the liver, which acts to stimulate cholesterol uptake, and by increasing the activity of hepatic lipase [Links], which removes phospholipids from the surface of HDL cholesterol, enhancing the uptake by scavenger receptor B1. Tetrahymena (model organism) [Wiki, Links, Books, Papers, Genetics]. Theaflavins [Wikipedia, LifeExtension, Links, Books, LibCong, Amazon] in black tea regulate genes involved in the production of proinflammatory cytokines [LifeExtension] by modifying the activity of transcription factors [LifeExtension], impacting cancer mechanisms significantly and combating chronic inflammation [LifeExtension]. For example, theaflavin inhibits the production of IL-8 and vascular endothelial growth factor VEGF, which promotes the formation of blood vessels in cancerous tumors. Note that drinking several cups of tea per day also reduces LDL levels, protecting against vascular diseases. Theories of Aging [IAAS/Theories of Aging, LibCong/Theories of Aging. Therapeutic Cloning [Links, LifeExtension, Books, LibCong, Papers, Patents, Amazon]. A method of obtaining genetically matched cells and tissues via cloning. Pioneered by Dr. Michael D. West, founder of Geron and other bioscience firms. Thin-Layer Chromatography [Links, Books, LibCong, Papers, Amazon]. Thiodiproprionic acid (an anti-oxidant), [36s] (d). Thiamine [Oregon State/Thiamine, Links, LibCong] and Benfotiamine water & fat-soluble forms of Vitamin B1 that prevent glucose from reacting with protein, counteracting glycation and glucose toxicity. Thymus Gland [Smart Drugs/Thymus Gland, Links, LibCong]. Thymic Theory of Aging, [21s]. TIN2 [Links/TIN2, Links/telomeric TIN2, Books/telomeric TIN2, Papers, Patents]. A telomeric t-loop control protein. See TRF2, TRF1. TMG or TriMethylGlycine, [32s]. TNF-α (Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha) [Wikipedia, Links, Books, LibCong, Images, Amazon, LifeExtension] TNF causes apoptosis, cellular proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, tumorigenesis, and viral replication, and has been implicated in Alzheimer's Disease. Note that amyloid-beta from inflammation triggers an increase in TNF-alpha, resulting in further inflammation and amyloid-beta production. Resveratrol and carnosine are amyloid-beta inhibitors [LifeExtension]. Curcumin may be used to combat TNF-alpha-induced inflammation in neurons. TNF inhibitors [Mayo Clinic/TNF inhibitors] include monoclonal antibodies such as infliximab (Remicade) or adalimumab (Humira), or circulating receptor fusion proteins such as etanercept (Enbrel). Also see Luteolin and the index entry for Luteolin. TNF's primary role is in the regulation of immune cells. There are indications that TNF-alpha can act to inhibit hTERT expression. See Odile Beyne-Rauzy, Naïs Prade-Houdellier, Cécile Demur, Christian Recher, Jacques Ayel, Guy Laurent, and Véronique Mansat-De Mas (2005), Tumor necrosis factor- alpha inhibits hTERT gene expression in human myeloid normal and leukemic cells, Blood, 1 November 2005, Vol. 106, No. 9, pp. 3200-3205. Tocotrienols (Vitamin E tocotrienols) [Books, LibCong, Links, Wikipedia, LifeExtension; Links/tocotrienol sources]. See Tocotrienols Could Reduce DNA Damage That Leads To Cancer . "Tocotrienols are concentrated in cereal grains such as oat, barley, and rye, rice bran, with the highest level found in crude palm oil." - Wikipedia/tocotrienols Tomatoes, contain anti-oxidant lycopene, lycopene links, [25h]. Tooth Replacement [Links, Books, LibCong, Amazon/Oral Tooth Replacement, Dental]. Torabolic (Fenugreek Extract) [Links/Fenugreek Extract, Images; Links/Torabolic] promotes muscle growth. FLEX magazine recommends 500 to 1000 mg 30-60 minutes before a workout and 500-1000 mg before breakfast on rest days. Toxicology [Wikipedia/Toxicology, Wikipedia/Toxicity, Wikipedia/LD50, Books/Toxicology, LibCong, Amazon/toxicology, Books/Toxicity, Amazon/drug toxicity, q-TOX Drug toxicity prediction software, Books/drug toxicity, Books/Drug Dosages, Links/Drug Dosages, Toxicology of Astragalus]. Toxicogenomic Database, the comparative The Comparative Toxicogenomics Database (CTD) elucidates molecular mechanisms by which environmental chemicals affect human disease. See LibCong/toxicogenomics. Trade Shows Eventseye: Trade Shows Worldwide, Links/Trade Shows USA, Biz Trade Shows, Trade Show Event Resource, Trade Show Scratchpad. Transcription Factors [Wikipedia, Links, Images, Books, LibCong, Papers, Patents, Amazon, Books/Transcription Factors in Drug Design, Amazon/Transcription Factors and Drug Design]. Many drugs are transcriptional activators that work by binding to a transcription factor which can pass through the nuclear pore and bind to a site on the gene promotor or enhancer, activating transcription of mRNA, from which a protein or a protein enzyme is produced on ribosomes in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. See also nuclear receptor superfamily. Note that Hsp90 is a transciptional activator binding to nuclear transcription factors for their transport through pores in the nuclear membrane. Hsp90 levels can be elevated via exercise by the action of exercise-induced interleukin 6. Transfection of cells with hTERT [Links, Books, LibCong, Amazon, Papers] extends the life span of an in vitro cell line and a proportion of these cells become immortal [Books], but not malignantly transformed [Books]. Transfection with a genetically engineered retrovirus or plasmid [Books/plasmid transfection, Links, Books] is a method of inserting a gene into the genome of a host organism. Trehalose [Links, Images] is a slow-digesting sugar substitute carbohydrate used by bodybuilders to improve defintion. TRF1 [Links, Control of telomere length by the human telomeric protein TRF1, Books/TRF1, Papers/TRF1, Patents/TRF1, Amazon/telomeric TRF1, LifeExtension]. TRF2 telomere binding protein [Links/TRF2 telomeric binding protein, Papers/TRF2 telomeric binding protein, Patents/TRF2 telomeric binding protein, Links/TRF2, Books/TRF2, Books/TRF2 telomeric binding protein, Amazon/TRF2]. "Telomere t-loop formation is critically dependent on the telomere binding protein TRF2..." - Judith Campisi. The t-loop closes at a TTAGGG repeat via a TRF2 protein until the telomere becomes so short that a subtelomeric sequence differing from TTAGGG is encountered, say TGAGGG, so that the loop cannot be bound, which happens when the telomere is about 4 to 7 kbp long. Exogenous TRF2 helps close telomere t-loops, and certain statin drugs promote TRF2 closure of telomeric t-loops, including atorvastatin and pravastatin. See Telomere Capping Proteins, (7). Since statin drugs reduce CoQ10 levels, the safest approach to capping telomeres and closing t-loops seems to be using small molecule telomerase activators for the task, such as TA-65, astragalus extract, or astragalosides such as astragaloside IV or cycloastragenol (See Geron Patents A, A', A'', and B). The action of TRF2 may be facilitated by the action of TRF1 [Links, Control of telomere length by the human telomeric protein TRF1, Books/TRF1, Papers/TRF1, Patents/TRF1, Amazon/telomeric TRF1, LifeExtension] and TIN2 [Links/TIN2, Links/telomeric TIN2, Books/telomeric TIN2, Papers, Patents]. Trichostatin A for elevating life-extending Hsp22 heat shock protein levels. tricostatin A (TSA) [Wikipedia, Books, Papers, LibCong, Links, Epigenetic Protocols, chap.8, article, article2]. Tricostatin A is a small molecule telomerase activator. See Masahiro Takakura, et.al., Telomerase activation by histone deacetylase inhibitor in normal cells, Nucleic Acids Research, 2001, Vol. 29, No. 14 3006-3011. Sources: see BIOMOL/HDAC Inhibitors. Tryptophan, L-Tryptophan, Google L-Tryptophan links. Tumorigenesis [Wikipedia, Links, Books, LibCong, Amazon]. See Cancer [Books] and carcinogens [Links, Books], also oncology [Books], oncogenes [Books], oncogenomics [Books], and Genomic Stability [Books]. Note that certain telomerase activators such as Astragaloside IV and cycloastragenol (TA-65?) tend to promote genomic stability in the absence of cancer, preventing cancers due to genomic instabilities [Books] and telomere fusions [Books, Books/telomere fusions and cancer]. Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-α) [Wikipedia, Links, Books, LibCong, Images, Amazon, LifeExtension] TNF causes apoptosis, cellular proliferation, differentiation, inflammation, tumorigenesis, and viral replication, and has been implicated in Alzheimer's Disease. Note that amyloid-beta from inflammation triggers an increase in TNF-alpha, resulting in further inflammation and amyloid-beta production. Resveratrol and carnosine are amyloid-beta inhibitors [LifeExtension]. Curcumin may be used to combat TNF-alpha-induced inflammation in neurons. TNF inhibitors [Mayo Clinic/TNF inhibitors] include monoclonal antibodies such as infliximab (Remicade) or adalimumab (Humira), or circulating receptor fusion proteins such as etanercept (Enbrel). Also see Luteolin, a nd the index entry for Luteolin. TNF's primary role is in the regulation of immune cells. Luteolin [Wikipedia, Links, Books, Papers, LifeExtension], (combats proliferation of undesirable cell colonies), found in high amounts in parsley, sage, and peppermint along with basil, celery and artichoke, also found in celery, green pepper, perilla and camomile tea [36s] (g). Luteolin is also used to suppress dangerous inflammatory cytokines [Links, Books], such as interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Tumor Suppressor Pathways [Links] "The majority of senescence-inducing signals [Links] engage either or both the p53/p21 [Links] and p16/retinoblastoma protein [Links] tumor suppressor pathways, as the final effectors of the senescence program." - Erusalimsky, 2009. See also Judith Campisi, 2001, Cellular senescence as a tumor-suppressor mechanism, Trends in Cell Biology, Volume 11, Issue 11, 1 November 2001, Pages S27-S31. Tuna [LEF/Tuna, Links] contains NAD. Albacore contains 3x as much mercury as chunk light, [45s] Ubiquinone [Wikipedia/Ubiquinone (CoQ10, Co-enzyme Q, idebenone), LifeExtension/Ubiquinone, Links, Books, LibCong], a form of CoQ10 now outclassed by the more bioabsorbable ubiquinol form of CoQ10. [39]. UMP [Links, Links/sources, LifeExtension, Links/UMP supplements] uridine-5'-monophosphate, "helps comprise RNA, the DNA-like structure that cells use to create blueprints in genes. UMP supplementation in animals dramatically increases the production of vital cell membrane structural molecules, such as CDP-choline [Links/CDP-choline supplements]." - LifeExtension. Molecules like CDP-choline are vital for proper synapse function and for associated cell growth and repair. UMP (uridine-5'-monophosphate) is found in the milk of nursing mothers, and is essential not only for the growth and development of infant brains, but also for healthy cognitive function in aging adults. It is a component of Life Extension's Cognitex product. Unicelluar organisms [Books, LibCong, Links]. Unit Conversion [Links/Unit Conversion, Links/International Unit Conversion]. United States Pharmacopeia [Wikipedia, Links, LibCong] An annual published compendium which defines US-standard drugs and excipients and associated tests, and is associated with an annual convention, the United States Pharmacopeial Convention. The compendium includes methods for identification, assay, and purity determination of a drug substance or excipient, ect., and forms the basis of enforcement actions by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration and is the official pharmacopoeia of the United States and many other nations. See also U.S. standard drug excipients and U.S. standard drug tests. The Universe, including multicellular organisms and unicelluar organisms. Uracil DNA-glycosidase [Sigma Aldrich/Uracil DNA-glycosidase, Links, Papers, Books, Amazon] - The short one-day deamidation half-life of Uracil DNA-glycosidase causes DNA repair decline during aging, [52s]. That is, the short one-day deamidation half-life of uracil DNA-glycosidase is suspected in the decline of DNA repair during aging. (Hipkiss, T. Zglinicki, Aging at the Molecular Level, pg. 155.) See a uracil DNA-glycosidase in cellular homolog from p.148 of the same book. Lipid peroxidation is a major source of reactive aldehydes that can react with DNA, and that other sources of DNA damage exist that can be repaired by gene-encoded DNA repair enzymes. Note that uracil DNA-glycosidase may be obtained commercially via genetically engineered E. Coli bacteria. Uridine-5'-monophosphate (UMP) [Links, Links/sources, Books, Papers] is a phosphatide building block of RNA-DNA that is critical to optimal brain function and the health of neuronal cell membranes. It is found in the milk of nursing mothers, and is essential not only for the growth and development of infant brains, but also for healthy cognitive function in aging adults. It is a component of Life Extension's Cognitex product. U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration, LibCong/US Drug Enforcement Administration. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, LibCong/US Food and Drug Administration. USP Grade United States Pharmacopeia Grade [Links, Wiki/United States Pharmacopeia, LibCong/United States Pharmacopeia]. UV-VIS Ultraviolet Visible Spectroscopy [Links, Images, Books, LibCong, Amazon]. Used in Quality Control of Phytomedicines at GAIA Herbs. |
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Disclaimer: These are student study notes for research on life extension, not the prescription of a medical doctor. These customer investigations of various anti-aging medicines and foods and associated disciplines are not to be interpreted as a medical doctor's prescription or product endorsement. Be sure to check a PDR (Physician's Desktop Reference) regarding dosage, contraindications, and side effects. See also Wal-Mart's checker for Drugs and Drug Interactions and Google Books Pharmaceutical References. It is best to use quality pharmaceuticals from reputable manufacturers according to the instructions of the manufacturer, and to avoid using mere chemicals that may be under investigation for pharmaceutical applications. Many of the tips and clues in this document could benefit from further testing and research. |