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Index to Anti-Aging Medicine M-O || Home || ARC | ImmInst | SWL | Groups:LifeExtension |
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Anti-Aging Medicine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 || Labs | Foots | Refs | Sup Notes 1 | 2 | 3a | 3b | 4 | 5 | Vendors | Biblio | Change Log | Mortality Charts | Age Transformation Life Extension Magazine | IAAS | A4M | QC | Ray | Barron || Mechanisms of Aging | IN | SENS | MEME | METHUS || Springer | WSU A-B | C-D | E-H | I-L | M-O | P-R | S-U | V-Z || A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z |[ Wikipedia | Wikigenes | iHOP | SA Biosciences ]| Geron A, A', A'', B | TA Sciences | Sierra Sciences | Maximum Telomere Support | RevGenetics | Terraternal Search: Journals || Wα | Calc | Scirus | BioInfoBank | National Library of Medicine | NIH | Elsevier EMBASE | Ingenta Connect | MedLine | Science Direct Google |[ Google Patents | Patent Lens ][ Google Books | LibCong | Amazon | Powells ][ Google Scholar | Wikipedia ][ MedLib | LibWeb] | Merriam-Webster |
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Maillard reaction [IAAS/Maillard reaction, Wikipedia, Books, LibCong, LifeExtension], the "browning process" following glycosylation, which may produce AGES (Advanced Glycation End Products) in cooked food [Links, Links/AGES in cooked food]. (4). Magnesium as a supplement [Links, Papers]. According to Life Extension magazine, low levels of magnesium are chronic in the US population, and magnesium should be supplemented. Otherwise, consequences include hypertension and higher rates of sudden death. There are 5 RecQ DNA helicase genes [Wikipedia/Helicases, Books/DNA helicases, Books/RecQ DNA helicase genes] used to unwind DNA, some or all requiring Mg+2 as a cofactor [Hu & Ellis, Bloom Syndrome, in Chromosomal Instabilty and Aging, by Hisama, et al, 2003]. Therefore, it may be that deficiencies in dietary magnesium are connected with genomic instabilities in aging cells via the malfunctioning of DNA helicases. The WRNp helicase associated with Werner Syndrome, for instance, is localized to the telomere, and may malfunction if sufficient magnesium is not available as a cofactor [Links, Papers, Magnesium and Aging]. I note that magnesium is also listed as a necessary cofactor for DNA polymerase, which controls DNA replication. Makeup Technique [Links, Books, LibCong, Amazon], Makeup Tips, Cosmo Virtual Makeover Software, Makeover Solutions, Salon Syler Pro, EBAY Makeover, YouTube Makeover, Airbrush Makeover, Tips, Cyber Imaging, Makeup, Makeup Tips, In 10 Steps, Secrets of Makeup, Gillette, Luscious Lipstick, YouTube Makeup, Wikipedia/Cosmetology, Wiki/Cosmetics. Malondialdehyde [LifeExtension, Books, Amazon, Links], a toxic end product of lipid peroxidation producing cross-linking, used as a marker for oxidative stress [Books]. Markers of Longevity [Links, Books, LifeExtension, Amazon/Longevity markers, Books/Longevity markers, LibCong/Markers of Senescence, LibCong/Markers of Longevity, Books/Longevity biomarkers, Links/Longevity biomarkers, Amazon/Longevity biomarkers, LifeExtension/longevity biomarkers, Ben Best] [77]. Markers of Aging [Patents, Books, LibCong, Links, Papers, LifeExtension]. Senescence-associated increases in levels of β-galactosidase [Wikipedia, Links] are seen in both rodent and human tissues. In addition p16INK4a [Wikipedia, Links] expression levels may increase by a factor of 10 in senescent cells. p16INK4a is a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor [Links], functions as an effector of senescence, and should be regarded as a senescence marker [Links] in physiological aging. Matrix, Extracellular [Links, Books, LibCong, Amazon]. The extracellular matrix turns over slowly, thus collagen and elastin in the matrix are only slowly replaced [Books, Links] by rejuvenated fibroblasts with telomerase-enlongated telomeres after gene expression is reset to the expression characteristic of the youthful phenotype. On the other hand, if skin fibroblasts are senescent, they secrete matrix metalloproteinases such as collagenase (MMP-1) and stromelysin (MMP-3) that attack collagen and extracellular matrix proteins. MMP-3 and other matrix metalloproteinases promoting skin wrinkling are stimulated by UV and IR radiation. Senescent fibroblasts also show reduced expression of TIMP1 and TIMP3, tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases [Links, Books, Papers, Patents, Amazon, Wikipedia]. Matrix Metalloproteinases [Wikipedia, Links, Patents, Books/Matrix Metalloproteinases and Aging, LibCong/Matrix Metalloproteinases, Links, Papers]. Senescent dermal fibroblasts, which have a Hayflick limit of about 50, express matrix metalloproteinases collagenase (MMP-1) and stromelysin (MMP-3) which degrade collagen and extracellular matrix proteins. "Moreover, chronic IR treatment increased MMP-3 and MMP-13 mRNA expressions significantly in hairless mouse skin and augmented UV-induced MMP-3 and MMP-13 mRNA expressions and UV-induced MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities. From these results, we demonstrate that IR alone induces skin wrinkling and augments UV-induced wrinkle formation." [Hyeon Ho Kim, et al., 2005]. Senescent fibroblasts also show reduced expression of TIMP1 and TIMP3, tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases [Links, Books, Papers, Patents, Amazon, Wikipedia]. Matrixyl 3000 (palmitoyl tetrapeptide-3) [LifeExtension, Links] is a fatty acid mixed with amino acids, a lipo-peptide, shown to increase collagen synthesis [Links, Books, Papers, Patents] overall by up to 117% and collagen IV synthesis [Links, Books, Papers, Patents] by up to 267%. It also stimulates the healing of lower skin layers, dimenishing the appearance of wrinkles, and increases hyaluronic acid synthesis [Links] up to 267%. Noticibly younger skin with wrinkles half as deep is typically obtained within 2 weeks. See also Life Extension's New Face Solution. MCP, Modified Citrus Pectin [Links, LifeExtension, LibCong]. Is a galectin-3 antagonist that interferes with cancer metastasis. Modified Citrus Pectin is made by chopping up longer chains of citrus pectin, which also has anti-cancer metastasis properties to a lesser degree. Mechanisms of Aging [Ben Best/Mechanisms of Aging, Books, LibCong, Links, LifeExtension, Amazon], [99]. Mechanisms of Aging and Development [Elsevier/Mechanisms of Aging and Development, Books, LifeExtension, Amazon] on-line. See Journals. Mechanisms of Cellular Senescence [Links, Books, LibCong, Papers, Amazon, LifeExtension]. Medical Diagnosis [Links, Images, Books, LibCong, Papers, Amazon]. Medical Equipment [Links, Images, Books, LibCong, Papers, Amazon]. Medical Measurements [Links, Images, Books, Papers, Amazon; LifeExtension/Blood Tests, Links/Blood Tests, Books, Papers, Amazon]. Medical School [Links, Images, Video, Books, Amazon; Wikipedia/Medical School]. Medical Curriculum: [Links]. __Anesthesiology [Links, Images, Books, Amazon; Wikipedia; Links/Geriatric Anesthesiology]. __Family Medicine [Links, Images, Video, Books, Amazon; Wikipedia; Links/Geriatrics]. __Hematology [Links, Images, Books, Amazon; Wikipedia; Links/Geriatric Hematology]. __Internal Medicine _____[Links, Images, Books, Amazon; Wikipedia; Links/Geriatrics: Internal Medicine]. __Medical Oncology [Links, Images, Books, Amazon; Wikipedia; Links/Geriatric Oncology]. __Microbiology [Links, Images, Books, Amazon; Wikipedia; Links/Geriatric Infections]. __Neurosurgery [Links, Images, Books, Amazon; Wikipedia; Links/Geriatric Neurosurgery]. __Obstetrics and Gynecology [Links, Images, Books, Amazon; Wikipedia]. __Ophthalmology [Links, Images, Books, Amazon; Wikipedia; Links/Geriatric Opthamology]. __Otolaryngology [Links, Images, Books, Amazon; Wikipedia; Links/Geriatric Otolarygology]. __Pathology [Links, Images, Video, Books, Amazon; Wikipedia]. __Pediatrics [Links, Images, Video, Books, Amazon; Wikipedia]. __Psychiatry [Links, Images, Books, Amazon; Wikipedia; Links/Geriatric Psychiatry]. __Surgery [Links, Images, Video, Books, Amazon; Wikipedia; Links/Geriatric Surgery]. __Surgical Oncology [Links, Images, Video, Books, Amazon; Wikipedia]. __Urology [Links, Images, Video, Books, Amazon; Wikipedia; Links/Geriatric Urology].
Medical Treatment [Links, Images, Video, Books, LibCong, Papers, Amazon]. Medicinal Properties [Wikipedia, Links] of medicines in pharmacology [Links, Wikipedia]. Medicinal Mushrooms [Wikipedia, Links, Books, LifeExtension]. Meiotic Chromosomes of dividing cells [Links, Images, Video, Books] are longer in human females than in males [David Kipling, The Telomere], perhaps predicting telomeric length differences in the matched alleles of human diploid mitotic cells. Also see Mitotic Chromosomes [Links, Images, Video, Books]. Melancor Melancor Site to reverse greying of hair [Books, LifeExtension], [48]. Greying of hair Patents/hair color therapy, may be reversed with DHEA or similar substances. [74s]. See Hair Greying: [Books, Links, LifeExtension], Melancor to reverse greying of hair, [48]. Oral admistration of small molecule telomerase activators such as astralagus extract can restore hair color by rejuvenating the stem cells that restore hair melanocytes, at a rejuvenation rate of about 9 years per year. See Telomere Remodeling with Cyclic Telomerase Activation. Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone (alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone) [Links, Wikipedia, Antiaging Firewalls: More Research Insight on Gray Hair and Adult Stem Cell Reproduction]. Melanoma [Patents, images, coursework, Books, LibCong, Links], skin cancer. Melanoma Removal [Links, Books, Amazon, Amazon/Mole & Melanoma removal]. Melatonin [Priory/Melatonin, Patents, Wikipedia, Books, LibCong, Amazon, LifeExtension, Terraternal, Ben Best, IAAS], melatonin, a highly efficient scavenger of the very reactive and toxic hydroxyl radical, molecule, resets aging clock, protects DNA, regulates the sleep-wake cycle, [1]. Melatonin is a small-molecule telomerase inhibitor. 2-mercaptoethylamine [VRP/2-mercaptoethylamine, Links, Books, Papers] as a life extending antioxidant - Dr. Denham Harman. Membrane hypothesis of aging [IAAS/Membrane hypothesis of aging by Prof. Zs.-Nagy, Patents, Books, LibCong, Links, Papers, Links/Imre Zs.Nagy, LifeExtension/Membrane Hypothesis of Aging] Features treatment of cell membrane with DMAE or Centrophenoxine to rejuvenate the cell's penetrability to potassium, restoring lower potassium concentration inside cell, restoring youthful cellular colloidal properties, enzyme activity, youthful transcription, and youthful levels of cellular protein turnover. This tends to eliminate lipofuscin wastes [Patents/lipofuscin, Patents/ceroids]. (4). In muscle cells, the theory is somewhat different, and the membrane penetrability to the chlorine ion is important. Membrane and Lipofuscin Wastes Theory of Aging [Books/Membrane Theory of Aging, Membrane detoxification, [Patents/Lipofuscin Waste], (4). Metal Ions [Links, Books, LifeExtension, Amazon/Metal Ions and Aging] [89]. Metal Ion chelation [Books/Metal Ion chelation, Books2, LibCong, LifeExtension, Links/metal ion chelation, Books/metal ion chelation, Papers/metal ion chelation in medicine] - Lipoic acid reduces free iron levels, NAC chelates heavy metals, curcumin chelates iron and copper [Links], as does quercetin [Links] and carnosine [Links]; resveratrol chelates copper only [Links]. Metabolic Syndrome & Insulin Resistance [LEF/Metabolic Syndrome & insulin resistance, obese man's disease, Patents/metabolic syndrome, Patents/insulin resistance, Books, LibCong/Metabolic Syndrome, Amazon, LifeExtension]. Metallic Wastes & Mitochondrial Theory of Aging [Patents/mitochondrial theory of aging, Books/Mitochondrial Theory of Aging, Books/Metallic Wastes and Mitochondrial Aging, LibCong/Mitochondrial Theory of Aging] (11). Metalloproteinases See Matrix Metalloproteinases, above. Metaphase Spread [Links, Images, Books, Amazon; Wikipedia/Cytogenetics; Links/Metaphase Spread Kits, Images]. This is an analysis of chromosomes arrested during metaphase [Images ], when the chromosomes are highly condensed and are visible under a light microscope. Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) [Wikipedia, Books, Amazon] is sometimes applied to metaphase spreads to render telomeres, genes, or other DNA sequences visible. Then the intensity of light emitted by a telomeric spot is proportional to the telomere length. See Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization technique for measurement of telomere length [Images, Books, Amazon; Wikipedia/FISH; Wikipedia/Telomeres, Images]. See also [Links/FISH Telomere Measurement Technique on a Metaphase Spread, Images, Papers, Books; Shay-Wright Labs Metaphase Spread for Telomere-Centeromere FISH, Shay-Wright Laboratory Methods]. For supporting material on the human genome, see IndexEH/Gene, IndexEH/Human_Genome, and Bibliography/The Genome of Homo Sapiens and IndexAB/Bioinformatics. For more on measuring telomere and telomerase properties, see Refs/7.11 Measuring Telomere Length, IndexSU/Telomere Length Measurement, and Labs/Telomere Measurements. Metastasis of Cancer [Links/metastasis; Links/treating metastasis, Books, LibCong/Metastasis of Cancer, Amazon, LifeExtension] may be treated using Modified Citrus Pectin (MPC) [Links/modified Citrus Pectin, LifeExtension]. Metformin [RxList/Metformin simulates caloric restriction, Patents], [65], [33s]. Methionine in Foods [HcuSupport/Methionine in Foods, Links, Books, LifeExtension, Amazon/Methionine and Methylation] ...Reducing methionine in food to 1/5 the usual amount increased rat lifetimes 30% (Ben Best, Protein Damage and Maintenance in Aging, from Mechanisms of Aging). Methionine in red meat and poultry produces toxic homocysteine, which starts atherosclerosis by attacking and cracking veinous walls. Homocysteine production is aggravated when detoxifying methylation of homocysteine fails due to aging. [69s]. Reducing methionine in adults increases life span. However, with too little methionine, liver cancer may ensue from lack of methylation, so one typically substitutes other methylating compounds such as trimethylglycine or SAMe. Methylation [Patents/Methylation of Homocysteine, Books, LibCong/Methylation, Links, LifeExtension, Amazon/methylation and aging], [69s], in gene silencing (0). Methylation is conventionally improved to sheild us against homocysteine formation due to the defective methylation of methionine. This is conventionally done by application of methionine, choline, folate, vitamin B6, and Vitamin B12, sometimes including trimethylglycine [TMG], a methylating agent that is an alternative to methionine. See also Demethylation of Senescent Cells & DNA Demethylation: [Links/DNA methylation, Books/DNA Demethylation, Links, Books, Books/epigenetic regulation in senescent cells, Links/causes of DNA demethylation, LifeExtension/DNA demethylation]. Methylation of genes is used in the development of placental mammals to silence gene promoters after their developmental role is over, or to switch on genes controlled by an insulator in charge of an enhancer. Life Extension Magazine promotes SAMe [Links] as a cure for undesirable DNA demethylation, noting that "Cellular aging is partially caused by de-methylation". Note that application of 5-azacytidine, a demethylation inducer, causes a decrease in DNA methylation and reduces the life span of cultured cells. [Principles of Neural Aging, Dani, Hori, and Walter, chap.5, "Structural Expression of Gene Regulation: Chromatin Reorganization" by Alvaro Macieira Coelho]. Methylfolate [Patents, LifeExtension, Links, Papers] (L-Methylfolate, or Metafolin), a form of folic acid, reduces homocysteine levels. See Source Naturals/Metafolin. Microbiology [Wikipedia, Links, Books, LibCong, LibCong, Amazon]. Microglial activation [Links, Books, LibCong, Papers, Patents, LifeExtension] is associated with increased production of IL-6 and TNF-alpha in the brain's microglial cells, and may be triggered by amyloids, although microglial activation can occur in the absence of amyloid. Vitamin E suppression of microglial activation is neuroprotective [Links/suppressing microglial activation, Books, Papers, LifeExtension]. Microglia in the Aging Brain [Patents, Links, Books, LibCong/Microglia in the aging brain, LifeExtension/microglia, Amazon] will be stopped by replicative senescence, see treatments: [77s]. Microglial rejuvenation via telomere remodeling with cyclic telomerase activation using activators such as astragalus extract or astragalosides such as astragaloside IV looks quite promising. MicroRNA (miRNA) [Wikipedia/MicroRNA, Links/miRNA in anti-aging, Books; Patents/microRNA, Links, Books, LibCong/Microglia in the aging brain, LifeExtension/microRNA, Amazon] "MicroRNAs, or miRNAs, are increasingly being accepted as playing a crucial regulatory role in normal and dysfunctional cellular processes. They represent a class of small, noncoding RNA molecules, which have been shown to be involved in almost every human pathology currently under study. From tumor progression and viral host interactions, to immune response and stem cell fate determination, miRNAs are quickly growing in importance as the "master regulators" in cell cycle processes." - Webinar on miRNAs. Of course, the hTERC RNA component of telomerase seems to be an example of miRNA. However, it is NOT. miRNAs are 21-23 nucleotides in length and regulate gene expression. See [Links/MicroRNA in hTERT regulation, Papers; Links/MicroRNA in hTERC regulation; Links/MicroRNA in gene regulation]. MicroRNAs were discovered in 1993 by Lee and colleagues in the Victor Ambros lab, although the term "microRNA" was not introduced until 2001. Note siRNA (small interfering RNA) also exists. See [Wikipedia/SiRNA, Links/SiRNA in anti-aging, Links/SiRNA, LifeExtension/SiRNA]. SiRNAs are "a class of double-stranded RNA molecules, 20-25 nucleotides in length, that play a variety of roles in biology. Most notably, siRNA is involved in the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway, where it interferes with the expression of a specific gene." SiRNA was not discovered until 1999. Micronutrients [Linus Pauling Institute/Micronutrients, Patents/Micronutrients and Aging, Ben Best, Books, LibCong, LifeExtension] [55]. Milk Thistle [Links, LifeExtension, LibCong] is an anticancer telomerase inhibitor and can prevent the loss of glutathione, an endogenous antioxidant [Life Extension Magazine, July 2009]. "The seeds of milk thistle have been used by herbalists for 2000 years to treat chronic liver disease and protect the liver against toxins." - Wikipedia/Milk_Thistle. See also Silymarin, Silybinin. Minoxidil [Wikipedia, Links]. Trade name Rogaine [Links]. Used to treat baldness, but positive effects recede after stopping treatment. Mitochondrial Biogenesis with NO [Links/Mitochondrial Biogenesis with NO, Patents, Scholarly Papers, Books, LibCong, Links, Amazon/mitochondrial biogenesis, LibCong/Mitochondrial biogenesis, LifeExtension]. Mitochondrial Components [UTMB/CellBio/Mitochondria, LifeExtension/mitochondria, LibCong/Mitochondria, Links/mitochondrial structure, Books/mitochondria, Amazon/mitochondria], (1) Mitochondrial Theory of Aging [The Mitochondrial Free Radical Theory of Aging by Aubrey D.N.J. DeGrey, Landes Bioscience, 1999, Ben Best/Mitochondria and Aging, James South/Mitochondrial Theory of Aging, Innovita/Mitochondrial Theory of Aging and Disease, Amazon/Mitochondrial Theory of Aging, Books, LibCong, Links, LifeExtension], [50]. Acetyl L-carnitine plus alpha lipoic acid is an effective treatment in mitochondrial aging. See treatment for mitochondrial aging [Links, Books, Papers, Amazon]. Mitochondrial DNA, or mtDNA [Wikipedia, Links, Books, LibCong; Links/aging and mitochondria, Books], defended by MnSOD [Links, Books, LifeExtension], glutathione peroxidase, and catalase. See also mitochondrial free radical defense [Links, Books, Papers, Patents, LifeExtension] and lipid peroxidation defense [LifeExtension, Links, Books, Papers]. The best known treatment to rejuvenate mitochondria is acetyl L-carnitine plus alpha lipoic acid [Links, Books, LifeExtension; LifeExtension/Alpha Lipoic Acid, Links]. This may be the solution to the mitochondrial theory of aging [Links, Books, Papers, LifeExtension, Amazon]. The human mitochondrial DNA of today is throught to date from Mitochondrial Eve [Links, Books, Papers, Amazon], who was alive 172,000 - 50 000 years ago. On the other hand, the most recent common ancestor or identical ancestor point is estimated to be at 5,000 to 15,000 years ago. Chimpanzees and man are believed to derive from a common ancestor alive millions of years ago, when the 24-chromosome pair Great Ape gave birth to 23-chromosome pair offspring, two chromosomes fusing to create human chromosome 2 [Wikipedia, Links]. See Human Evolution [Wikipedia, Links]. Just 600 million years ago, the highest animal on earth was a worm that lived in the sea, a Hydra [Images, Video], in fact. See Evolution [Wikipedia, Links]. Also see Y-chromosomal Adam (Links), the male from whom all living males descended, who is believed to have lived about 60,000 years ago in Africa about the time human migration from Africa took place. Mitochondrial DNA Repair [Patents, Links, Books, LibCong, Papers, LifeExtension, Amazon]. Acetyl L-Carnitine with alpha lipoic acid [Links] rejuvenates aging mitochondria [Links, Books, Papers; LifeExtension/mitochondrial rejuvenation, Links, Videos], and appears to solve most problems posed by mitochondrial factors in aging [Links, Papers, Books, Amazon]. (Mitochondrial) Theory of Aging with Dr. Tory Hagan, [50]. From Michael Fossel, Cells, Aging, and Human Disease: Mitochondria turn over every 14 days. (p.68) Defective mitochondria are found mostly in postmitotic cells. Mitochondrial aging may operate independently of senescence. (p.68). "Permissive accumulation of defective mitochondria may be the outcome of cell senescence." (p.69). Mitofusins [Telomolecular/Mitofusins (including Mitofusin 1 & Mitofusin 2) in Mitochondrial DNA repair, Links/mitofusins, Books/mitofusins, Papers/mitofusins, Telomolecular]. See Mitofusin 1 [Links, Books], Mitofusin 2 [Links, Books], mitofusins in mitochondrial DNA repair [Links, Books, Papers, Patents]. Mitogens [Links] "A mitogen is a chemical, usually a protein, that stimulates a cell to divide, triggering mitosis. Mitogens trigger signal transduction pathways in which mitogen-activated protein kinase [Links] is involved, leading to mitosis." - Wikipedia/Mitogen. Note that senescence can be modulated by mitogens [Erusalimsky, 2009, Links]. "Excessive mitogenic stimulation caused by forced expression of activated oncogenes is known to induce senescence...(via) a dysregulation of the cellular redox-balance leading to an increase in ROS production which in turn may stimulate p53 activity." - Erusalimsky, 2009. Mitotic Chromosomes [Links, Images, Video, Books]. Mitotically Competent Cells [Links, Books, LibCong/Mitosis, Papers, Amazon] are capable of dividing via mitosis. Cancer always arises from mitotically competent cells supporting cellular proliferation, and not from postmitotic cells [Links, Papers, Books, Amazon]. The senescence response is limited to mitotically competent cells. Cellular senescence itself may result from opening of telomere t-loops as telomeres shorten, so that a DNA damage signal is generated in response to an exposed double-strand DNA break leading to cell cycle arrest and cellular senescence. Double-strand DNA breaks originating in free radical or oxidative stress may also trigger cell cycle arrest and cellular senescence. Postmitotic cells include mature neurons and differentiated skeletal and heart muscle cells. Quiescent state mitotically competent cells exist in a reversible, growth-arrested state. Liver hepatocytes are usually quiescent, but can be stimulated to proliferate when the liver is damaged. MnTBAP - mntbap chloride hydrate [Links, Papers, Books, molecule image], or Manganese (III) Tetrakis (4-Benzoic Acid) Porphyrin chloride (C48H28ClMnN4O8 � xH2O), Mol. Weight: 879.15 (anhydrous basis), is a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger, a superoxide dimutase mimetic that is regarded as promising in preventing mitochondrial aging (1). I note that MnTBAP, though effective against mitochondrial aging in many tests, does not pass through the blood-brain barrier, and is usually given by injection. It not available in pill form as a supplement. Modafinil [Patents, IAAS, Links], increases alertness and concentration. Mole Removal [Patents, Amazon, Links, Links/Facial Mole Removal, Books] Moles No More, Moles Treatment. Molecular Diagnostics [Links, Books, Amazon]. Molecular Gerontology [Links, Books, LibCong, Amazon, LifeExtension]. Molecular Biology of anti-aging medicine [Books/molecular biology, LibCong/molecular biology, Books/molecular biology of anti-aging medicine, Amazon/molecular biology, Amazon/molecular biology of anti-aging medicine], Mechanisms of Aging by Ben Best, Aging: The Molecular Concepts from Innovita, Life Extension magazine, International Anti-Aging Systems, the Journal of Longevity and its archives, InfoAging from The American Federation for Aging Research (and its weblinks to other organizations), The American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine, The Aging Research Center, Quality Counts on anti-aging compounds & anti-aging recommendations with anti-aging & related web sites, The Journal of Experimental Gerontology, Biogerontology, Rejuvenation Research, archived abstracts from the Journals of Gerontology, Series A, SpringerLink's Age, and our Bibliography, [57]. Molecular Biology, Methods [Books, Books/molecular biology protocols, LibCong/molecular biology protocols, Books/biomolecular protocols, Amazon/methods in molecular biology], see the John M. Walker series from Humana Press. See Protocols, below. Molecular Medicine's Tools & Techniques [MED/unibs/Molecular Medicine's Tools & Techniques, Books/Molecular Medicine, LibCong/Molecular Medicine, Links, The Journal]. See Journals. Monounsaturated Fats [AnneCollins/Monounsaturated Fats, [55]. Mortality Charts [Longevity/Mortality Charts, Images, Links, LibCong]. Mortality Curve [Arxiv/Mortality Curve - the death rate becomes exponential Aexp[Bt] after 40. [Green's selection of mortality curves, LifeExtension/mortality curves, Books/mortality curves, Links/mortality curves, Books/mortality statistics, Amazon/mortality statistics]. Mortal Somatic Cells [Amazon, Books]. MsrA (enzyme peptide methionine sulfoxide reductase) increases Drosophila life span 85%, [Patents, Books, Links, Papers, LifeExtension], [50s]. mtDNA, mitochondrial DNA [Wikipedia, Links, Books, LibCong; Links/aging and mitochondria, Books], defended by MnSOD [Links, Books, LifeExtension], gluthione peroxidase, and catalase. See also mitochondrial free radical defense [Links, Books, Papers, Patents, LifeExtension] and lipid peroxidation defense [LifeExtension, Links, Books, Papers]. The best known treatment to rejuvenate mitochondria is acetyl L-carnitine plus alpha lipoic acid [Links, Books, LifeExtension; LifeExtension/Alpha Lipoic Acid, Links]. This may be the solution to the mitochondrial theory of aging [Links, Books, Papers, LifeExtension, Amazon]. Human mitochondrial DNA is throught to date from Mitochondrial Eve [Links, Books, Papers, Amazon], who was alive 172,000 � 50 000 years ago. On the other hand, the most recent common ancestor or identical ancestor point is estimated to be at 5,000 to 15,000 years ago. Chimpanzees and man are believed to derive from a common ancestor alive millions of years ago, when the 24-chromosome pair Great Ape gave birth to 23-chromosome pair offspring, two chromosomes fusing to create human chromosome 2 [Wikipedia, Links]. See Human Evolution [Wikipedia, Links]. Just 600 million years ago, the highest animal on earth was worm that lived in the sea. See Evolution [Wikipedia, Links]. Multicellular organisms [Universe-Review/Multicellular organisms, Books, LibCong, Links, Wikipedia]. Multiple Sclerosis [Patents, LifeExtension, Books, LibCong] - "Research conducted at Italy's National Cancer Research Institute indicates that lipoic acid may play a role in preventing or reversing the course of neurological disorders such as multiple sclerosis." Multivitamin Pills [Links, Links/multiple vitamins and telomere length] were associated with 5.1% longer telomeres in elderly women who took them in a recent study [LifeExtension]. Muscadine Grapes [Wikipedia/Muscadine Grapes, Juices, and Wines], (0), [100]. Muscle and Fitness [Muscle and Fitness Magazine, [20]], See also Iron Man Magazine, Links/Iron Man magazine, Links/Jerry Brainum. See also Bodybuilding Physiology [Links, Books, Amazon], Muscle Physiology [Links, Books, Amazon], and Bodybuilding Supplements [Links, Books, Amazon]. See Journals. Myelin Sheath [Links/Anti-Aging for the Myelin Sheath, Books, LibCong, Amazon; Links/Aging and the Myelin Sheath, Books; Links/Myelin Sheath, Books/Myelin Sheath, Amazon/Myelin Sheath, LifeExtension; Myelin Sheath Support, LifeExtension/Myelin Sheath Support]. Vitamin B12 is quite helpful in myelin sheath support [LifeExtension]. I note that vitamin B12 is also available in typical homocysteine blockers, and that homocysteine blockers [typical, Links] including vitamin B12 should also be useful for myelin sheath support. Between 21 and 77, nerve impulse velocity declines from 57 m/sec to 48 m/sec, and the amplitude of sensory potentials drops from 43 to 21 microvolts, 51%. A decline of 1 m/sec per decade is seen between 20 and 55 years of age, and 3 m/sec per decade after 55. Propagation velocity degradation is due to changes in the myelin sheath, and unmyelinated nerves are spared. From Chapter 23, "Changes in the Peripheral Nervous System" by Thierry Maisonobe and Jean-Jacques Hauw, in Principles of Neural Aging by Dani, Hori, and Walter. See also Google links on Myelin sheath support. Typical ingredients in Myelin sheath support preparations include: Yogaraj Guggul Gum Resin, European Elderberry, Asian Ginseng Root, Tienchi Ginseng Root, Hawthorn Berry Extract, Shilajit Mineral Resin, Bromelain (from pineapple) [36s]p, Amla Fruit Extract, Indian Olibanum Gum Resin, Licorice Root Extract, Ashwagandha [63s] Root Extract, Chinese Salvia Root, Turmeric Root Extract (curcumin) [40s], Hericum Erinaceus Mycelium, Astragalus Root Extract, Bacopa Plant Extract, Ginger Root, Long Pepper Fruit, Boron Chelate, and Black Pepper Fruit Extract. Note that benfotiamine [Links], a lipid-soluble form of vitamin B1 [Links] found in onions, can restore nerve conduction velocity [Links] in aging specimens. Ordinary vitamin B1 helps, but benfotiamine is more effective. Nerve conduction velocity is related to the diameter of the nerve and the degree of myelination of the axon of the nerve. NAD Synthesis [Life Enhancement/NAD Synthesis and Life Extension, (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), Patents/NAD in treatment, Links, Wikipedia, LifeExtension]), [6s]. NADH, NAD, and Vitamin B3. Note that vitamin B3 is niacin [Links/vitamin B3, LibCong/vitamin B3, Links/niacin, Links/NADH, Links/NAD]. Nanomedicine, [Books/Nanomedicine, LibCong/Nanomedicine, Papers/Nanomedicine, Google links, Wikipedia/Nanomedicine, LifeExtension/Nanomedicine, Amazon], [76s]. Problems for Nanotechnology (Video). Nanoparticulates in Drug Delivery [Links, Books, LibCong/Nanoparticuluates, Amazon]. Nanotechnology Drug Delivery [Links, Books, LibCong, Amazon]. Natural Products Association [Site, Links, LibCong]. TA-65 is certified by the Natural Products Association. Neck Rejuvenation, [Patents, Books, LibCong, Links, Papers, LifeExtension, Amazon]. Necrosis [Wikipedia, Books, LibCong]. Cell destruction with cell lysis of cell contents into neighboring tissues. On the other hand, apoptosis [Links] cross-links cell contents before cell death. Nervous breakdown [98]. Nettle Root Extract [Links, Images, LifeExtension] Nettle root helps protect prostate cells [Images, Books] against growth stimulatory effects of estrogen [Books], which is produced more from testosterone in men as they age. Neurobiology of Aging [Journal, Patents, Books, LibCong, Amazon, LifeExtension] on-line. Neurodegenerative disorders [Patents, Books, LibCong, LifeExtension, Amazon] and medicines [95]. Neuroendocrine Theory of Aging [IAAS/Neuroendocrine Theory of Aging, Books, LibCong, Amazon, Links, Papers, LifeExtension], [19s]. Neurofibrillary tangles [Patents, Books, Amazon, Links, Wikipedia, LifeExtension] and cognitive decline [article, Books/treating old age cognitive decline, Links/old age cognitive decline]. Neurological Aging [Links, Books, LibCong, Papers, Amazon, LifeExtension]. Neurology, [Books, LibCong, Books/Anti-Aging Neurology, Books/Clinical Neurology, Amazon/Neurology, Amazon/Clinical Neurology]. Neuroscience, [Books, LibCong/Neuroscience, Amazon, Books/Neuroscience of Aging, LibCong/Neuroscience of Aging, Links, Recent articles]. Neygeront [IAAS/Neygeront, Links], as a supplement, about $50 for 40 capsules, [79], (1). NFκB [LEF/NFκB, Links, Patents, Books, LibCong/Nuclear Factor KB, Amazon, LifeExtension] - inflammation activator associated with old-age diseases, [68s]. Nicoplex [Links, Papers, Patents, Patent], a DNA repair enhancer [Links, Books], composed of carotenoids, zinc, and nicotinamide. See Sheng Y, Pero RW, Olsson AR, Bryngelsson C, Hua J., 1998: DNA repair enhancement by a combined supplement of carotenoids, nicotinamide, and zinc, Cancer Detect Prev, 1998;22(4):284-92. The patent for Nicoplex also includes water-soluble Uncaria species extract (Cat's Claw extract) in the formulation. Nicotinamide [Links/extends replicative lifespan of human cells, Links/nicotinamide, Links/nicotinamide supplements, Amazon, LibCong/Nicotinamide, Life Extension/nicotinamide]. With regard to human fibroblast telomere shortening experiments, "Continuous treatment with nicotinamide, which led to lower ROS generation and changes in mitochondrial function, has been reported to extend lifespan (a remarkable 1.6-fold increase) and decelerate telomere shortening (Kang, et al., 2006)", from Telomeres and Telomerase in Ageing, Disease, and Cancer: Molecular Mechanisms of Adult Stem Cell Aging, ed. K. Lenhard Rudolph. See Kang HT, Lee HI, Hwang ES (2006), Nicotinamide extends replicative lifespan of Human Cells, Aging Cell, 5(5): 423-36. See Links/Neutraceutical Sources of Nicotinamide and Links/Sources of Nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide [Wikipedia, Links/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, Life Extension]. Nitric Oxide, in aging [Patents, Books, LibCong/Nitric Oxide, LifeExtension], in mitochondrial function [LifeExtension, Books], [112], Nitric Oxide (NO) production stimulated by resveratrol [Books]. NO levels may be raised by taking arginine with whey protein in bodybuilding exercise, which has the effect of activating telomerase [Vasa, et. al, 2000; Hayashi, et.al, 2006, Haendeler, 2006] in the endothelial cells of the vascular system, and of promoting mitochondrial biogenesis [Links, Books, Papers]. Nitric oxide may also be stimulated using cocoa. Thus, Jean Calment's extremely long lifetime of 122 1/3 years may have been due to telomerase activation from nitric oxide activation, reversing the cellular senescence of endothelial cells lining veins and arteries, cutting off atheroscelerosis causing heart attacks and strokes, two of the most common causes of death in aging adults. Nitric Oxide generation is also promoted by pomegranate, an ingredient Life Extension's Endothelial Defense product. See the journal Nitric Oxide [Wikipedia, Links, Books]. Activation of nitric oxide with L-Arginine and L-Citrulline taken together is superior, and includes an application to skin creams. Nobel Prize winner Dr. Louis J. Ignarro recommends 4 to 6 grams of L-arginine per day for physiologically effective NO generation, plus L-citrulline at 200 mg/day to 1000 mg/day to maximize it's effect, together with 4 antioxidants in his book NO More Heart Disease and in his advanced technical books on nitric oxide in physiology and medicine [Books/Louis Ignarro nitric oxide]. On the bodybuilding side, Jim Stoppani PhD, author of Elements of a Stack in Muscle and Fitness magazine (Fall, 2009), cites studies showing that experimenters could exercise longer before reaching fatigue using arginine as a NO-booster, and that NO-boosters taken pre-workout yielded muscle gain. Stoppani recommends an Arginine Stack: (1) Arginine, 3-5 grams in the morning & 30-60 min prior to a workout & 30-60 minutes before bedtime. (2) Pycnogenol, 50-100 mg when arginine is taken, to increase the activity of nitric oxide synthase creating NO from arginine. (3) Horny Goat Weed, 500 mg, to inhibit the enzyme phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5), which normally breaks down NO. (4) Ginko Biloba, 40-80 mg with arginine, to reduce the stickiness of blood platelets, improving the flow of blood to the muscles and the brain. NMR Spectroscopy [Wikipedia, Links, Books, LibCong, Amazon]. Nonenzymatic free radical scavenging, [Patents, Books, LifeExtension], [35s] (c). Nonenzymatic inhibition of glycation [Patents, LifeExtension, Books], [35s] (e). Nootropics [Smart Drugs/Nootropics, reviewing the smart drugs, Patents, Links, Books, LibCong, LifeExtension, Amazon, Erowid/Nootropics]. Norway Spruce lignan extract [Links, Images] Norway spruce lignans convert to enterolactones [Links] that have demonstrated anti-estrogen and anti-DihydroTestosterone effects of importance for the aging prostate gland. NSAIDS, [Patents, Books, LibCong, LifeExtension, Amazon], asprin, ibuprofin, indomethacin, naproxen, inflammation-suppressors that reduce risk for Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Problems may exist for some dosage regimes. In particular, chronic use of aspirin interferring with COX-1 inhibitors is often associated with a stomach ulcer. Nuclear Receptor Superfamily [Wikipedia, Links, Books, Papers, Amazon, LibCong]. The nuclear receptor superfamily of transcription factors includes thyroid hormones, retinoic acid, and steroid hormones like the telomerase activator ecdysone. Nuclear receptor superfamily molecules are complexed with heat shock protein HSP90 [Wikipedia/HSP90, Links, Books, Images, Amazon] before being transported into the nucleus to bind to gene promoters such as the hTERT promoter [Amazon, Images] that produces the catalytic component of telomerase, the telomeric DNA repair enzyme that can gradually convert senescent cells into youthful phenotype cells by lengthening telomeres until their terminal telomere t-loops [Images] close, removing a double-strand DNA damage signal causing cell cycle arrest and transition to the scenescent state of the cell. The t-loop closure produces the youthful cellular phenotype from the senescent type associated with replicative senescence seen in cells such as dermal fibroblasts after about 50 divisions. See HSP90 activators [Images, Links]. Note that HSP90 for transport to the nucleus may be obtained by exercising, which produces interleukin 6 leading to the generation of HSP90. Nuclear Reprogramming [Links, Books, LibCong, Amazon, LifeExtension]. Skin cells can be reprogrammed to provide pluripotent or totipotent stem cells with patient-bioidentical DNA. Nucleotide Supplements [Links, Images] lower cortisol levels and increase testosterone levels. Nutraceuticals [Patents/Anti Aging Nutraceuticals, Books, LibCong, Amazon, LifeExtension] & Phytochemicals [Books, Amazon, LifeExtension], topic index, Micronutrients, Functional Foods, [41s], [44s]. See My-Health-Plan for a mouthwatering display of excellent nutraceutical suggestions. Nutritional Content of Foods [FitBit, Links, LibCong] Nuts [RicciNuts, LifeExtension, Books/Nuts in medicine], Linus Pauling Institute on Nuts, links, [25e]. Note than spanish peanuts are the best plant source for arginine. See arginine sources. Oils [Links, Wikipedia/Oil; Links/vegetable_fats_and_oils, Wikipedia/Vegetable fats and oils]. ___Oils containing gamma tocopherol [Links, Links/gamma tocopherol, Wiki/tocopherol]. ______Corn Oil [Links, Wikipedia, LifeExtension]. ________High in relatively harmful omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, which increase ________the probability of breast cancer in postmenopausal women, ________and of prostate cancer in men.. ______Peanut Oil [Links, Wikipedia, LifeExtension]. _________Rich in gamma tocopherol vitamin E. ______Sesame Oil [Links, LifeExtension], Includes sesamin, sesamol: sesame lignans. ________Cold-pressed best, toasted & browned includes trans fats. ______Soybean Oil [Links, Wikipedia/Soybean, Wikipedia/Soybean oil, LifeExtension]. ________Usually "relatively high proportion, 7-10%, of oxidation-prone linolenic acid". ______Walnut Oil [Links, LifeExtension]. ________"a good source of omega-3 fatty acids". Canola Oil [Links, Wikipedia, LifeExtension]. ___"Low in saturated fat, high in monounsaturated fat, ___beneficial omega-3 fatty acid content". Coconut Oil [Links, Wikipedia, LifeExtension]. ___"Coconut oil contains 92% saturated fatty acids.". ___It consists primarily of medium-chain fatty acids. Grapeseed Oil [Links, Wikipedia, LifeExtension]. ___Cosmetic, especially useful for skin repair around the eyes. Olive Oil [Links, Wikipedia, LifeExtension]. _____Contains oleic acid, antioxidant hydroxytyrosol, ______oleuropein for proteasome function, oleocanthol. Oregano Oil [Links, Wikipedia, LifeExtension]. ____Carvacrol [Links, Wikipedia, LifeExtension]. Palm Oil [Links, Wikipedia, LifeExtension]. Safflower Oil [Links, Wikipedia, LifeExtension]. _____Rich in Vitamin E. Sunflower Oil [Links, Wikipedia, LifeExtension]. Thyme Oil [Links, Wikipedia, LifeExtension]. Fish Oil [Links, Wikipedia, LifeExtension]. ___EPA [Links, Wikipedia, LifeExtension]. ___DHA [Links, Wikipedia, LifeExtension]. See Fats [Links, Wikipedia, LifeExtension]. Old age cognitive decline. Alpha lipoic acid (600 mg/day - 1800 mg/day) with acetyl L-carnitine (250 mg/day - 750 mg/day) plus arginine helps accelerate neurite growth and prevent old age cognitive decline. Treatments: [Patents, Books, LibCong, Amazon, Links, LifeExtension] [109]. A combination of uridine [Links], choline [Links], and DHA [Links] caused brain levels of phosphatidylcholine [Links] to go up 45% in gerbils. GPC (glycophosphocholine [Links], or Gliatilin), helps prevent memory loss and senile dementia [Books, Wikipedia/Dementia, LifeExtension/senile dementia]. Brain aging has been related to up-regulation of oxidative stress and inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-alpha, interleukin-6, and C-reactive protein. Life Extension Magazine (March 2009) recommends blueberry extract, grape seed extract, vinpocetine, phosphatidylserine, GPC, uridine-5'-monophosphate (UMP), ashwagandha, ginger, rosemary, hops and pregnenolone in Julius Goepp's article Preserving Cognitive Function with Aging. See the LEF formula product COGNITEX, which includes many of these ingredients. Oleocanthol [Links, Papers; LifeExtension/oleocanthal] in olive oil [LifeExtension/olive oil] inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 cyclooxengenases [Wikipedia, Links] more strongly than ibuprofin, gram for gram, although it takes 50 ml of extra virgin olive oil to mobilize 10% of the impact of an ibuprofin dose recommended for analgesia. - Caleb E. Finch, p.172. Oleuropein [Patents, Links, Books, Papers, Papers/Oleuropein & proteasome], "We demonstrate that oleuropein, the major constituent of Olea europea leaf extract, olive oil and olives, enhances the proteasome activities in vitro stronger than other known chemical activators, possibly through conformational changes of the proteasome. Moreover, continuous treatment of early passage human embryonic fibroblasts with oleuropein decreases the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduces the amount of oxidized proteins through increased proteasome-mediated degradation rates and retains proteasome function during replicative senescence. Importantly, oleuropein-treated cultures exhibit a delay in the appearance of senescence morphology and their life span is extended by approximately 15%." - [article] [76]. Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins (OPCs) [Patents, Books, LibCong, Links, LifeExtension]. Olive Oil [Patents, Books/Olive Oil and aging, Links, Amazon, LifeExtension; LibCong/Olive Oil], health benefits, anti-oxidant hydroxytyrosol [Books], squalene [Books], oleic acid [Books], oleuropein [Patents, Links, Books, Papers, Papers/Oleuropein & proteasome], oleocanthol [Links, Papers; LifeExtension/oleocanthal] in olive oil [LifeExtension/olive oil] inhibits COX-1 and COX-2 cyclooxengenases [Wikipedia, Links], [76]. Olive oil-based salad dressings are probably the best choice for a longevity salad dressing, such as olive oil or olive oil with water combined with vinegar-and-dressing spices. Olive oil is one of the elements of the Mediterranean diet [Links] that makes it most effective. Olovnikov, AM, Alexey Olovnikov, [Images, resembles Obiwan Kenobi, Links, Books, Amazon] The molecular biologist who first proposed telomere shortening in landmark papers in 1971 and 1973. [A theory of marginotomy. The incomplete copying of template margin in enzymic synthesis of polynucleotides and biological significance of the phenomenon, Abstract] as a necessary consequence of the DNA replication mechanisms involving DNA polymerase, which he termed "marginotomy", no doubt to describe a phenomenon involving continuous loss of margin at each subsequent mitosis in the cell cycle. Today Olovnikov's "telogenes" are more likely to be described as arrays of tandem TTAGGG minisatellite repeats, since they are not transcribed, as genes are, but merely replicated and maintained or not. I can remember hearing Olovnikov's name on the radio, somehow, years ago, before I became familiar with telomeres and telomerase. Also see papers on telomere shortening by James Watson (1972) [Links]. For historical perspective, see Alexey M. Olovnikov, Telomeres, telomerase, and aging: Origin of the theory, Experimental Gerontology, Volume 31, Issue 4, July-August 1996, Pages 443-448. Omega-3 fatty acids [AmericanHeart/Omega-3 fatty acids, Books, LibCong, LifeExtension] in fish, omega-3 links, Linus Pauling Institute on omega-3 fatty acids, essential fatty acids, [25g]. Oncology, cancer medicine, [Books, LibCong, Amazon, LibCong, Links, LifeExtension]. OPB-9195 (2-isopropyli-denehydrazono-4-oxo-thiazolidin-5-ylacetanilide), [Links, Books, LifeExtension] new compound in 1997, carbonyl-trapping agent is a synthetic thiazolium derivative inhibiting cross-linking and improving kidney function, made by Otsuka Pharmaceuticals Ltd. It blocks carbonyl groups, reducing the overall rate of AGE formation and reduces lipoxidation end-products such as malondialdehyde (MDA). First studied in relation to diabetic complications in rats, it reduced AGEs, restored nerve conduction velocity, limited free radical formation and reduced the rate of DNA damage. Optical Emission Mass Spectometry [Links, Books, Amazon, LibCong]. Used at GAIA Herbs in their in-house Microbial Research Testing [Links]. ORAC scale [Books/ORAC scale, Oxygen Radicals Absorbance Capacity, LifeExtension, Links, Books], antioxidant herbs on ORAC scale, ORAC scale of antioxidant foods [Links/High ORAC foods, Links/High ORAC herbs]. The highest ORAC value belongs to hydroxytyrosol in olives and extra virgin olive oil. Oral Probiotics [Links, LifeExtension, LifeExtension/Oral Probiotic Lozenges, Links, Images] (see also Probiotics [Links, Books, Amazon, LifeExtension]) may be used to replace bacteria in the mouth responsible for gingivitis and periodontal disease with friendly bacteria such as S. Salivarius, reducing tooth decay and lowering the overall level of inflammatory cytokines in the body, which tends to reduce atherosclerosis and thereby heart attack and stroke. Inflammation from periodontal disease may also contribute to Alzheimer's Disease and other disorders associated with an inflammatory environment for cells. Organelles of the Aging Brain [Links/Organelles of the aging brain, Books, LibCong, Amazon, LifeExtension], of aging tissue [Books, LifeExtension]. Organic Certification See Oregon Tilth, GAIA Herbs. Ornithine [Links, Wikipedia, LibCong] is found in fish, meat, and eggs, and boosts HGH levels. It is used in secretagoge formulas like L-Arginine + L-Ornithine as an HGH booster. Orthodontic Surgery [Books, Links, Amazon, LibCong, More Amazon]. See Dental. Osteoporosis [Patents, Books, LifeExtension, Amazon, LibCong] & male osteoporosis [102]. Small molecule telomerase activators are promising in regard to treatment of osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. (See Frontiers in Biomedicine By Allan L. Goldstein, p15.) Oxidative Stress [Patents, Patents/treating oxidative stress, Wikipedia, Links, Books, LibCong, LifeExtension, Amazon], (1). |
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