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Index to Anti-Aging Medicine E-H || Home || ARC | ImmInst | SWL | Groups:LifeExtension |
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Anti-Aging Medicine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 || Labs | Foots | Refs | Sup Notes 1 | 2 | 3a | 3b | 4 | 5 | Vendors | Biblio | Change Log | Mortality Charts | Age Transformation Life Extension Magazine | IAAS | A4M | QC | Ray | Barron || Mechanisms of Aging | IN | SENS | MEME | METHUS || Springer | WSU A-B | C-D | E-H | I-L | M-O | P-R | S-U | V-Z || A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z |[ Wikipedia | Wikigenes | iHOP | SA Biosciences ]| Geron A, A', A'', B | TA Sciences | Sierra Sciences | Maximum Telomere Support | RevGenetics | Terraternal Search: Journals || Wα | Calc | Scirus | BioInfoBank | National Library of Medicine | NIH | Elsevier EMBASE | Ingenta Connect | MedLine | Science Direct Google |[ Google Patents | Patent Lens ][ Google Books | LibCong | Amazon | Powells ][ Google Scholar | Wikipedia ][ MedLib | LibWeb] | Merriam-Webster |
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Electrophilic Stress and Aging [Links, Books, Papers; Links/electrophilic stress, Books/electrophilic stress, Links/electrophilic substances, Books/electrophilic substances] Electrophilic stress can result from lipid peroxidation due to oxidative stress and is thought to contribute to aging in C. Elegans, for instance. All electrophilic substances are Lewis acids [Links]. Glutathione and the glutathione S-transferase system work to eliminate problems due to electrophilic substances in phase II reactions [Wikipedia], so electrophilic stress due to lipid peroxidation or the action of metabolizing enzymes producing both xenobiotics and electrophilic substances may probably be treated by using drugs that increase glutathione peroxidase levels, such as ashwagandha, which increases levels of endogenous antioxidants generally. Note that glutathione incorporates selenium, which may be obtained from Centrum vitamin pills, for instance, to promote glutathione synthesis. See Links/glutathione, Wikipedia/Glutathione, Books/glutathione, Links/increase glutathione peroxidase levels, Books/glutathione peroxidase levels. Ellagic acid, [Links, Images/Ellagic acid supplements, Books, Papers, LifeExtension, Wikipedia], is an anti-cancer nutraceutical found in walnuts, pecans, strawberries, cranberries, pomegranates and red raspberry seeds, [25e]. EGCG [Links/EGCG (epigallocatechin-3 gallate), Links, Books, LibCong, Papers, LifeExtension, Wikipedia/Flavonoid] green tea polyphenol [Links, Papers, Books], [25b]. Elastin [Wikipedia, LibCong, Links, LifeExtension] is a component of elastic fibers [Wikipedia, Links, Images, Papers] primarily composed of the amino acids glycine, valine, alanine and proline. See Rejuvenation of Elastin [LifeExtension, Links, Papers, Books] and Repair of Elastin [Books, Links, Papers, LifeExtension]. ELSD Evaporative Light Scattering Detection [Links, Books] Used by Terraternal for astragaloside testing, along with HPLC [Links]. Endothelial Cells, Human [Images/human endothelial cells, Images/senescent endothelial cells, Images/immortal endothelial cells, Books/human endothelial cells, LibCong, Amazon/Endothelial Cells, Links/human endothelial cells, SenescenceInfo/Cells, Shay/Hayflick, His Limit, and Cellular Aging]. This class of cells lines veins and arteries, and the senescence of endothelial cells leads to higher adhesion to monocytes and a tendency to form atherosclerotic plaques leading to heart attack and stroke. Senescent endothelial cells such as those found at the bases of atherosclerotic lesions [Images] that express senescence marker β-galactosidase also express the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1a in upregulated form, and down-regulate thymosin-b-10, which sequesters cytoplasmic G-actin. There is also a marked increase in the cell-specific adhesion molecule I-CAM in senescent endothelial cells [Links]. These changes have been identified at sites of atherosclerotic lesions in elderly tissue donors. See Life Extension's Endothelial Defense [Links], with cocoa, pomegranate, and GliSODin. Endothelial Dysfunction [Books/treating endothelial dysfunction, LibCong, Amazon/Endothelial Dysfunction, Books/Endothelial Defense, Amazon/Endothelial Defense]. See Life Extension's Endothelial Defense, with cocoa, pomegranate, and GliSODin. Nitric oxide production via cocoa and nitric oxide synthase may activate telomerase in endothelial cells [Vasa, et al., 2000, Hayashi, et. al, 2006], preventing their replicative senescence, explaining the long lifetime of Madame Jeanne Louise Calment, who consumed 5 pounds of chocolate every week. The nitric oxide activating properties of the resveratrol [Images/resveratrol supplements] she consumed in her red wine may similarly have acted to refresh her vascular endothelium. See [Erusalimsky JD, 2009] and [Hong Y, Quintero M, Frakich NM, Trivier E, Erusalimsky JD, 2007] for the argument that SIRT1 is activated in endothelial cells by Nitric Oxide, but not telomerase. Nobel Prize winner Dr. Louis J. Ignarro recommends 4 to 6 grams of L-arginine per day for physiologically effective NO generation, plus L-citrulline at 200 mg/day to 1000 mg/day to maximize it's effect, together with 4 antioxidants in his book NO More Heart Disease and in his advanced technical books on nitric oxide in physiology and medicine [Books/Louis Ignarro nitric oxide]. Endothelial Senescence [Links, Images, Papers, Books, Amazon]. EnergoTM [IAAS/EnergoTM anti-aging skin care, before & after photos, Links/Energo for skin care, conference note], [54]. Engineered Negligible Senescence [Cambridge/SENS/Engineered Negligible Senescence Site, Wikipedia, Aubrey de Grey Video, Books, LibCong, Links, Papers, LifeExtension], [7s]. Enterolactone(s) [LifeExtension, Links, Books]. Enterolactones are associated with plant lignans [Links, Wikipedia, LifeExtension] and may be obtained from flax or Norway Spruce. They are found in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. Enterolactones help to prevent prostate cancer [LifeExtension, Links, Images, Books]. See Lignans Protect Against Prostate Cancer By William Faloon. See the index entry for Prostate Cancer. Enzymatic free radical scavenging [Links, Books, Papers, LifeExtension], (melatonin, for instance [Books/melatonin and aging]), [35s] (b). Enzymatic inhibition of glycation, [Links, Books, Papers, LifeExtension], [35s] (d). EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid, [Links, Books, Wikipedia] one of the fatty acid components of SQDG and primary component of fish oil, is a small molecule telomerase inhibitor. DHA is the other component of fish oil, the one most useful as brain food. EPA tends to raise triglyceride levels, but is useful in the synthesis of prostaglandin-3 (which inhibits platelet aggregation). Fish oil is used to get a favorable balance between LDL and HDL cholesterol to help prevent atherosclerosis. Epicatechin [Links]. Found in cocoa powder. See catechins [Links]. "Epicatechin [Wiki/Catechins, Images] in cocoa improves blood flow and thus seems good for cardiac health. Cocoa, the major ingredient of dark chocolate, contains relatively high amounts of epicatechin and has been found to have nearly twice the antioxidant content of red wine and up to three times that of green tea in in-vitro tests." - Wikipedia/Flavoids. Epigenetic Regulation in Aging [Links, Books, LibCong, Papers, Amazon, LifeExtension; Links/Epigenetic Dysregulation in Aging, Books, Papers, Amazon] See also Demethylation of Senescent Cells & DNA Demethylation: [Links/DNA methylation, Books/DNA Demethylation, Links, Books, Books/epigenetic regulation in senescent cells, Links/causes of DNA demethylation, LifeExtension/DNA demethylation, LifeExtension/DNA Methylation]. Methylation of genes is used in the development of placental mammals to silence gene promoters after their developmental role is over, or to switch on genes controlled by an insulator in charge of an enhancer. Life Extension Magazine promotes SAMe [Links] as a cure for undesirable DNA demethylation, noting that "Cellular aging is partially caused by de-methylation". Furthermore, DNA methylation normally silences oncogenes. "Loss of methylation can induce the aberrant expression of oncogenes, leading to cancer pathogenesis.... Classes of medications, known as HDAC inhibitors and DNA methyltransferase inhibitors [LifeExtension], can re-regulate the epigenetic signaling in the cancer cell." - Wikipedia/Cancer. Epithalon Peptide - Cryonet/MSGS/Epithalon Peptide, [81s] a small 4-peptide protein (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly), that activates telomerase and extends telomeres, a small molecule telomerase activator. [Links, Papers, Original Paper, sources, sources2]. Epithalon peptide is found in the body in the pineal gland (epiphysis) [Books, Links, Wikipedia, LifeExtension]. See Custom Peptide Synthesis [Books, Papers], Peptide Synthesis [Wikipedia, Books], Peptide Synthesizers [Books, Suppliers], Peptide Analyzers [Links]. Epithelial Cells, Human [images, images/senescent epithelial cells, images/immortal human epithelial cells, Links/human epithelial cells, Books/senescent epithelial cells, Books/epithelial cells, LibCong/epithelial cells, SenescenceInfo/Cells, Shay/Hayflick, His Limit, and Cellular Aging] Carcinomas typically begin in epithelial cells as a consequence of telomeric crisis involving telomere shortening, or due to DNA damage originating from a carcinogen. "Senescent human adrenocortical epithelial cells selectively loose the ability to induce 17α-hydroxylase, a key enzyme in cortisol biosynthesis." - Judith Campisi in Physiological Basis of Aging and Geriatrics, 4th edition, 2007. See also HMEC (Human Mammary Epithelial Cells) Home, with An Overview of Growth, Aging, Senescence, and Immortality in our HMEC Culture System. Escin [Links, Books, Images] in horse chestnut [Links] increases the tone of veinous walls, promoting improved circulation and making it a popular oral and topical treatment for varicose veins [Links] and veinous insufficiency. In one test, treatment with 50 mg of escin twice daily was equivalent to compression stocking therapy [Links]. See non-invasive therapy for varicose veins [Links]. EST1, EST2 [Links, Books/yeast telomerase] EST1 and EST2 are the yeast analogues of the hRT and hTERT genes in vertebrates. EST1 produces the RNA part of the yeast telomerase enzyme, EST2 produces the catalytic protein component in yeast telomerase corresponding to hTERT in vertebrates. Estradiol, Stroke, & Heart Attack [Links/Estradiol, Wiki/Estradiol, LifeExtension/Estradiol] Estrodiol levels of > 34.1 pg/mL more than doubled stroke incidence. Life Extension magazine recommends estradiol levels < 30 pg/mL, claims ideal ranges of estradiol in aging men are between 20 and 30 pg/mL. Higher levels of estradiol are observed in heart attack victims. Testosterone can be aromatized into estradiol by the enzyme aromatase [Links, Wikipedia/Aromatase], which can be blocked by armotase inhibitors [Links, Wikipedia/aromatase inhibitor]. Water-soluble pumpkin seed extract inhibits aromatase [LifeExtension]. High estradiol levels correlate to body fat mass, especially in the belly, so that subcutaneous abdominal fat acts like a secretory gland for high levels of estradiol. Estradiol and dihydrotestosterone stimulate prostate enlargement associated with BPH, Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia. Note that men need some estrogen to maintain bone density, cognitive function, and the vascular endothelium. Estriol [Wikipedia, Links, LifeExtension], a weaker form of estrogen derived from plants, produces superior skin rejuvenation results with fewer hormonal side effects than estrogen. Estrogen [Wikipedia, Links, Books, LibCong/Estrogen, LifeExtension] A telomerase activator, prevents skin aging, and is associated with an increase in the synthesis of collagen, maintaining a youthful plump skin appearance. The usual method of delivery for women's skin rejuvenation is in a topical cream. The hormone estriol [Wikipedia, Links, LifeExtension], a weaker form of estrogen derived from plants, produces superior skin rejuvenation results with fewer hormonal side effects than estrogen. Undesirable cellular proliferation may occur when using estrogen, leading to endometrial cancer, but estrogen patches are safer than oral estrogen, producing less CRP (C-reactive protein) in the liver. - Caleb E. Finch, p. 166. Estrogen Receptors [Wikipedia, Links, Books, LibCong]. Estrogen (17β-estradiol) is a telomerase activator, but not all cells have estrogen receptors. There are two kinds of estrogen receptors. The ERα estrogen receptor is found in the endometrium, breast cancer cells, ovarian stroma cells and in the hypothalamus, whereas the ERβ estrogen receptor protein has been found in kidney, brain, bone, heart,lungs, intestinal mucosa, prostate, and endothelial cells. Estrogen receptors stimulate proliferation in mammary cells and estrogen metabolism produces genotoxic waste, so that estrogen plays a role in many cancers. Exercise Theory of Aging [WorldHealth/Exercise Theory of Aging, Theory, article, Links, Books, LibCong, LifeExtension, Papers/exercise and telomere extension, Papers/Growth Hormone and telomere extension, Books/growth hormone and telomere extension, Books/growth hormone and telomerase activation, Links/growth hormone and telomerase activation], (9), [84]. Toxic estrogen metabolites such as 16-alpha-hydroxyestrone can be defended against with cruciferous vegetable substances such as indole-3-carbinol and sulphoraphane. Genistein and daidzein from soy also act against toxic estrogen metabolites. See Estradiol for effect of estrogens on heart attack and stroke. Exercise and Hormesis, [Books, Links, LifeExtension/Hormesis, LifeExtension/Exercise, Wikipedia/Hormesis] [5s]. Exercise physiology [Books, LibCong, Links]. Experimental Aging Research on-line [Books, Links]. Experimental Gerontology, The Journal of, [Links, LibCong], [57]. Extension of Life Span by introduction of telomerase into human cells, by Andrea G. Bodnar, Michel Ouellette, Maria Frolkis, Shawn E. Holt, Choy-Pik Chiu, Gregg B. Morin, Calvin B. Harley, Jerry W. Shay, Serge Lichtsteiner, and Woodring E. Wright, (Science 16 January 1998) [43]. [Links, Books, LibCong, Papers, LifeExtension], Geron, Geron/Telomerase Activation. Extra-chromosomal circular DNA [Links/Extra-chromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA), [Links, Books, Papers] eccDNA levels increased by exposure to carcinogens, inhibition of eccDNA formation by resveratrol, (0), [14s]. Extracellular Matrix [Links, Books, LibCong, Amazon]. The extracellular matrix turns over slowly, thus collagen and elastin in the matrix are only slowly replaced [Books, Links] by rejuvenated fibroblasts with telomerase-enlongated telomeres after gene expression is reset to the expression characteristic of the youthful phenotype. Extraction Methods (for Phytomedicines) [Links, Books, LibCong, Amazon, Wikipedia Topic Selection]. See flow thru extraction [Links], heated and cold maceration [Links], battery percolation [Links], and super-critical CO2 extraction [Links], all used by GAIA Herbs to manufacture their nutraceuticals and phytomedicines. See also Reflux Extraction [Links, Images; Links/laboratory reflux extraction, Images/laborabory reflux extraction; Links/separation technology, Images/separtion technology; Links/thermal reflux extraction, Images/thermal reflux extraction]. Eye Problems of Old Age [LEF/Overexposure of eyes to sunlight, Links, Books, LibCong, LifeExtension]; Cataracts [Books, LifeExtension], Macular Degeneration [Books, LifeExtension, article], Diabetic Retinopathy [Books, LifeExtension], Glaucoma [Books, LifeExtension], [101]. Also see Ocular Oncology [Links, Books]. Note that vitamin B6 vitamers such as pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (produced from vitamin B6 in the intestines) and pyridoxal hydrochloride inhibit ischemic nerve cell death in the retina. Cataracts have been treated with carnosine-related compounds such as N-acetylcarnosine [IAAS/cataracts], and would probably also respond well to a suitable astragaloside IV preparation. Facial Rejuvenation [Books, LibCong, Links, LifeExtension], SpringerLink Aesthetic Plastic Surgery [Books, Links]. See also Hydroderm - Facial rejuvenation skin cream. Also see Life Extension's New Face Solution. See also Shape Your Face. Fats & Fatty Acids [Ben Best/Fats and Fatty Acids, Links, LifeExtension/fatty acids, Books/Fats and aging, Links/Fats and aging, LifeExtension/Fats and aging, Wikipedia/Fat], Monounsaturated fats [Books, LifeExtension], Polyunsaturated fats [Books], saturated fat content of foods [Books], [55]. Fenugreek Extract [Links, Images] (Torabolic) promotes muscle growth. FLEX magazine recommends 500 to 1000 mg 30-60 minutes before a workout and 500-1000 mg before breakfast on rest days. Fertilized Eggs [Links, Images] Can inhibit myostatin, the protein that normally puts brakes on muscle growth, so that the fertilized eggs of hens may be used as a bodybuilding supplement. Fibroblasts [Wikipedia, LibCong, Images], which supply elastin and collagen fibers and maintain the extracellular matrix, can specialize into other kinds of cells rather like stem cells, including muscle cells, fat, bone, cartilage, and smooth muscle cells. They are rejuvenated by carnosine, and may be conditionally immortalized with telomerase activators. Fibroblasts proliferate upon wounding or to replace dead cells. Senescent dermal fibroblasts [Amazon], which have a Hayflick limit of about 50, express matrix metalloproteinases collagenase (MMP-1) and stromelysin (MMP-3) which degrade collagen and extracellular matrix proteins. [LifeExtension, Books, Links, Wikipedia, Books/human fibroblasts, images/human fibroblasts, images/senescent human fibroblasts, Books/senescent human fibroblasts, SenescenceInfo/Cells, Shay/Hayflick, His Limit, and Cellular Aging, Books/senescent human fibroblasts and collagenase, Books/senescent human fibroblasts and stromelysin]. Senescent fibroblasts also show reduced expression of TIMP1 and TIMP3, tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases [Links, Books, Papers, Patents, Amazon, Wikipedia]. Senescent dermal fibroblasts also secrete inflammatory cytokines [Links, Books, Books/inflammatory cytokines secreted by senescent fibroblasts, Papers] and growth factors [Wikipedia, Papers, Books]. Fibromyalgia Fmaware.org/Fibromyalgia, Links, Books, LibCong, LifeExtension]. Finasteride [LifeExtension, Wikipedia, Links, Amazon]. The drug is used to treat enlarged prostate glands from BPH (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia) and male pattern baldness. Fish, fish oil Links [Books, LifeExtension], omega-3 fatty acids [Books, LifeExtension], DHA [Books, LifeExtension], [25g]. FLEX (bodybuilding) [21]. Fluorescence Microscopy [Books, LibCong, Books/Fluorescence Microscopy in Telomere Measurements, Links], [85]. Foods for Longevity, [Links, Books, LifeExtension], The World's Healthiest Foods, [25], [55], [44s] Free Radical Theory of Aging [Ben Best/Free Radical Theory of Aging, Links, Books, LibCong, LifeExtension, Wikipedia], (1), [50], James South/Free Radical Theory of Aging, "FRs are capable of damaging virtually any biomolecule, including proteins, sugars, fatty acids and nucleic acids", Reactive Oxygen Species [Books/Reactive Oxygen Species, Links, Wikipedia, LifeExtension], (1) French paradox [Smart Drugs/French paradox, LifeExtension, Books, LibCong] and Resveratrol [Books, LifeExtension], Google Links on the French Paradox in heart disease. The paradox is that French life expectancy is improved by drinking if one consumes red wine rich in resveratrol and antioxidant polyphenols. Heavy drinking is bad for longevity. Overeating plus smoking typically reduces life expectancy by 13 years, and introducing heavy drinking reduces this still further, (up to more 11 years in hepatitis C victims) unless one takes a special wine or French Port. Light to moderate drinking improves life span. Fucoxanthin [Links, Images] Increases thermogenesis for superior muscle definition by effectively turning white fat into more combustible brown fat. Functional foods [Books/functional foods, LibCong], healthiest foods, herbs [Books/herbs] and nutraceuticals [Books/Nutraceuticals, LifeExtension], [16s], [41s], [44s], [25]. Garlic [Garlic Central, Books/anticancer garlic, Papers/garlic and telomere lengthening, Links, LifeExtension, Wikipedia], Allicin in crushed garlic can inhibit telomerase activity and induce apoptosis of gastric cancer cells. [25c]. Garlic (with its allicin) is a small molecule telomerase inhibitor. GC-Mass (Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry) [Links, Books, Amazon]. Gene [Wikipedia/Gene, Links/Genes, Books, Images, Amazon; Wikipedia/Chromosome, Links/Chromosomes, Books, Images, Amazon; Wikipedia/Cytogenetics, Links, Books, Images, Amazon; Wikipedia/Chromosome microdissection, Links, Books, Images, Amazon]. See also GeneCards, iHOP, Wikigenes, Affymetrix, SABiosciences, Biocarta Pathways/Genes, Nature/Human Genome, NIH/Genes and Disease, and NCBI/Human Genome Resources. Human Chromosome 1 [Ornl, Wiki, Links, Images, Books, Amazon, Nature]. Human Chromosome 2 [Ornl, Wiki, Links, Images, Books, Amazon, Nature]. Human Chromosome 3 [Ornl, Wiki, Links, Images, Books, Amazon, Nature]. Human Chromosome 4 [Ornl, Wiki, Links, Images, Books, Amazon, Nature]. Human Chromosome 5 [Ornl, Wiki, Links, Images, Books, Amazon, Nature]. Human Chromosome 6 [Ornl, Wiki, Links, Images, Books, Amazon, Nature]. Human Chromosome 7 [Ornl, Wiki, Links, Images, Books, Amazon, Nature]. Human Chromosome 8 [Ornl, Wiki, Links, Images, Books, Amazon, Nature]. Human Chromosome 9 [Ornl, Wiki, Links, Images, Books, Amazon, Nature]. Human Chromosome 10 [Ornl, Wiki, Links, Images, Books, Amazon, Nature]. Human Chromosome 11 [Ornl, Wiki, Links, Images, Books, Amazon, Nature]. Human Chromosome 12 [Ornl, Wiki, Links, Images, Books, Amazon, Nature]. Human Chromosome 13 [Ornl, Wiki, Links, Images, Books, Amazon, Nature]. Human Chromosome 14 [Ornl, Wiki, Links, Images, Books, Amazon, Nature]. Human Chromosome 15 [Ornl, Wiki, Links, Images, Books, Amazon, Nature]. Human Chromosome 16 [Ornl, Wiki, Links, Images, Books, Amazon, Nature]. Human Chromosome 17 [Ornl, Wiki, Links, Images, Books, Amazon, Nature]. Human Chromosome 18 [Ornl, Wiki, Links, Images, Books, Amazon, Nature]. Human Chromosome 19 [Ornl, Wiki, Links, Images, Books, Amazon, Nature]. Human Chromosome 20 [Ornl, Wiki, Links, Images, Books, Amazon, Nature]. Human Chromosome 21 [Ornl, Wiki, Links, Images, Books, Amazon, Nature]. Human Chromosome 22 [Ornl, Wiki, Links, Images, Books, Amazon, Nature]. Human Chromosome X [Ornl, Wiki, Links, Images, Books, Amazon]. Human Chromosome Y [Ornl, Wiki, Links, Images, Books, Amazon]. See also Bibliography/The Genome of Homo Sapiens and IndexEH/The Human Genome. Gene Ontology [Books, LibCong, Links]. Gene Silencing [Wikipedia/Resveratrol, Books, LibCong, Links, Wikipedia, LifeExtension] & activation of SIRT1 & SIR2 with resveratrol, (0). Ben Best/Gene silencing in aging [Books, Links, LifeExtension], "Experiments in which Drosophila Sir2 expression was quadrupled led to a 57% extension of life span", (0). The human homolog of yeast SIR2 is SIRT1. Gene silencing is implemented with resveratrol and/or quercetin, or with a histone deacetylase (HDAC) that condenses chromatin, discouraging transcription. Genetic Engineering [Links, Books, Wikipedia/Genetic Engineering Topics, LibCong]. Genetic Theories of Aging [Books, Links, LifeExtension] (0). Gene Therapy [Books, LibCong, Links, Papers, Wikipedia, LifeExtension], Adenovirus transfection - hTERT or other genes such as c-MYC for hTERT activation may be transfected using adenovirus vectors. [QbioGene/Adenovirus for gene therapy applications, Books/adenoviral transfections, Links/Adenoviral Transfections, Invitrogen/adenoviral transfections, Amaxa Biosystems, Amazon/adenoviral transfections]. Genomics [genomics.energy.gov, Wikipedia, Links, Books, LibCong, Amazon; Links/genomics of aging, Amazon/genomics of aging, Genomics at Senescence.info]. See Biomolecular Interaction Network Data Base (BIND), Dolan DNA Learning Center of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Ensembl!, ExPASy (Expert Protein Analysis System) Proteomics Server, FlyBase, Howard Hughes Medical Institute/Biointeractive, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), NCBI Blast!, NCBI Online Medelian Inheritance in Man, IndexEH/Gene, Bibliography/The Genome of Homo Sapiens, Nobel Prize Winners, Protein Data Bank, Protein Explorer Front Door, UnitProt/Swiss-Prot, U.S. National Institutes of Health, and WormBase. See also Charles R. Cantor & Cassandra L. Smith, Genomics, The Science and Technology Behind the Human Genome Project, John Wiley & Sons, 1999. Genomic Stability [Links, Images, Papers, Books, Amazon]. Of primary concern is tissue genomic stability against cancer [Links, Images, Papers, Books, Amazon]. See IndexIL/inflammatory factors secreted by senescent cells, IndexAB/Anticancer Diet, IndexAB/Antiinflammatory Nutraceuticals, and IndexCD/Carcinogens. Geriatrics [Wikipedia/Geriatric medicine, Links, Books, Amazon, American Geriatrics Society. British Geriatrics Society, Canadian Geriatrics Society]. Geriatrics and Aging Skin, [Books, Links, LifeExtension], [54]. Geron [Geron Corporation Site, Books, Links, LifeExtension, Images] [3]. Geron: Compositions and methods for increasing telomerase activity, A' alternate-source version Compositions and Methods for Increasing Telomerase Activity, A'', Formulations Containing Astragalus Extracts and Uses Thereof. See the Geron SEC Report on rewinding the clock of cellular aging with telomerase activation and Immortal Cells on > 8x life extension in telomerase-activated cells. See also Geron subsidiary TA Sciences. [Geron Press Releases, Links], [Geron/patents, European patent/telomerase activation methods, A' alternate-source version Compositions and Methods for Increasing Telomerase Activity, A'', European patent/Astralagus extracts(for Hong Kong Univ.)] ,[3]. Ginger [Ray/Ginger, Wikipedia, Links/ginger and inflammation, Links/ginger and COX-2 inhibitors, Books, LifeExtension], [36s] (f). Ginkgo (Ginkgo Biloba) - Believed to promote healthy neurological and circulatory function. [Wikipedia/Ginkgo Biloba, Links, Books, Amazon/Ginkgo Biloba, LifeExtension, Terraternal/Ginko Biloba Studies]. Ginseng [Links, Links/Ginsenosides, Wikipedia/ginseng, Ray Sahelian/Ginseng], Ginsenoside Rh1 was investigated as a small molecule telomerase activator by Geron [81s/6b]. Ginsenoside Rh2 is a small molecule telomerase inhibitor [article]. Perhaps a telomerase-activation procedure based on ginsenosides could be specified using Solaray Korean Ginseng Extract, 535 mg extract/capsule, 26 mg ginsensides/capsule, Rg1/Rg2 ratio = 0.5. Ginseng is sometimes tagged as an adaptogen. Note that Panax Ginseng extract has an anticancer effect on cancers induced with benzpyrene. Ginsenoside Rh1 [Links, Images, Papers, Books, Amazon]. A telomerase activator appearing in Geron patent specifications, such as Compositions and Methods for Increasing Telomerase Activity, or A' alternate-source version Compositions and Methods for Increasing Telomerase Activity, or A''. A component of Korean Ginseng extract, which also contains telomerase inhibitors. Korean Red Ginseng Extract is a telomerase inhibitor that decreases telomerase activity in leukemia cells. GliSODinTM [LEF/GliSODinTM , Links, Books, LifeExtension], long-shelf-life cantaloupe-derived bio-available SOD [52] from Life Extension, [64s]. Glossaries of anti-aging terms [81]. Glucoregulatory Agents [LifeExtension, Books, Links] include cinnamon, 2-Deoxyglucose, Phenformin, Metformin, Chromium Picolinate, and also DHEA. Glucoregulatory Herbs [Links, Books, Papers, Amazon/glucoregulators] include: Nopal cactus [Links], Konjac mannan [Links], Gymnema sylvestre [Links], High galactomannan fenugreek extract [Links], Banaba leaf extract [Links], Bittermellon extract [Links], Blueberry leaf extract [Links]. [See tip source: Anti-Aging, a Jon Barron Report]. Glucoregulatory Mechanisms, [Books, LifeExtension]. Glucosinolates, anti-mutagenic, [Wikipedia/Glucosinolate, Links, Books, Wikipedia, LifeExtension]. Glutathione, an endogenous antioxidant, [Ben Best/Glutathione, Books/Glutathione, Links, LifeExtension, Wikipedia] glutathione peroxidase activity enhanced by vitamin C, Glutathione links, [107], [111], (1). See Food Sources that Boost Glutathione Naturally. These include N-Acetyl-Cysteine (NAC), alpha lipoic acid, asparagus, broccoli, avocado and spinach. "Raw eggs, garlic and fresh unprocessed meats contain high levels of sulphur-containing amino acids and help to maintain optimal glutathione levels." Silymarin from Milk Thistle prevents glutathione depletion. "Curcumin (turmeric) has been found to increase expression of the glutathione S-transferase." Changkil saponins (CKS) from the roots of Platycodon grandiflorum A. DC (Campanulaceae), called Balloon Flower Root (Jie Geng), have been found to increase intracellular glutathione (GSH) content. Selenium is a co-factor for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase, although too much selenium is harzardous. Glutathione peroxidase [Links/Glutathione peroxidase, Wikipedia, Books, LifeExtension], an endogenous antioxidant containing selenium, (1). Glycation is typically used to specify non-enzymatic glycosylation, as in reactions between proteins and sugars to produce carbonylated proteins, or between DNA and sugars. Glycosylation, on the other hand, typically enzymatic glycosylation, adds sugars to proteins as a part of a nuclear program for a cell signaling or cell transport tagging process. See (Glycosylation [Books, LibCong, LifeExtension]), Sugar Damage [LifeExtension, Books, Links], Cross-Linking Theory of Aging [Links, Books, LifeExtension], AGE inhibitors [LifeExtension, Books, Links], (5). Glycation is inhibited by the vitamin B6 vitamers, which are converted in the intestine to the actived form PLP (pyridoxal-5'-phosphate), by carnosine, by vitamin C, by alpha lipoic acid, by benfotiamine (found in onions) and by aminoquanodine. Glycation and The Aging Brain: What Causes It. The Glycation Theory of Aging by Ben Best. Glycation, glucose, and aging, [15s], (5). Glycerophosphocholine (GPC) [Links, Books, LifeExtension]. GPC (glycerophosphocholine) increases acetylcholine synthesis, and is useful in preserving cognitive function with aging. Glyconutrients [Links, Wikipedia Books, LifeExtension; Links/Glyconutrients scam, Ray Sahelian/glyconutrients]. At this time, "glyconutrients" are a bit controversial. See Ambrotose [Links] as an immune support polysaccharide supplement from Mannatech, a popular example. Manntech's "claims of scientific links to cellular glycobiology (have been) long disputed by the relevant individual Nobel prize winners." - Wikipedia/Glyconutrients. Mannatech has been hit with a Securities Exchange Act class-action lawsuit for material misrepresentation of the value of its products. Glycosylation Glycosylation typically refers to the enzymatic glycosylation used in a cell signalling or cell transport process, rather than to sugar damage glycation producing carbonylated proteins. See Glycation, above, inhibitor drugs, (3). See also Carbonylation of Proteins [Books, LifeExtension] "Carnosine that both protects proteins from carbonylation and helps reverse proteasomal decline.", [75s]. Substances found to protect against glycation include aspirin, ibuprofin, aminoquanidine, vitamin C, and vitamin B1 (thiamine). Glycotoxins [Links, LifeExtension/glycotoxins] Glycotoxins (Advanced Glycation End products [LEF], or AGEs that can elevate proinflammatory Reactive Oxygen Species [ROS] levels) often arise in foods from cooking foods with sugar and/or fat content. As glycotoxins accumulate and sugar-damaged or carbonylated proteins appear with AGEs to elevate ROS levels, signals are generated that produce pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-6, interleukin-1(b) and/or interleukin-8. Glycyrrhiza [Wikipedia/Glycyrrhiza - the source of licorice [Links], has been found to activate immune system cells [Links, Books, LifeExtension] as quantified by CD69 expression in manner similar to echinacea and astragalus root. GMP Compliant Production Facilities Good Manufacturing Practices [Links, Links/GMP Compliance, Links/Good Manufacturing Practices]. Goji Berries, Wolfberry Shangri-la's Chinese Wolfberry (GoJi Berry) [LifeExtension, Links, Wikipedia, Ray], which is also said to "elevate SOD". Li Qing Yuen, said to have lived to the age of 252 years (1678-1930), consumed Goji berries daily. Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) [Wikipedia, Links, LibCong, Books]. Gotu Kola [Links] stimulates collagen synthesis, and is found in LifeExtension's Cellulite Suppress formula. It has also been used as a Aryurvedic nerve tonic to improve mental clarity, and is a component in several of Ray Sahelian's mind-power formulations. GPC - Glycerophosphocholine [Links, Books, LifeExtension]. GPC (glycerophosphocholine) increases acetylcholine synthesis, and is useful in preserving cognitive function with aging. Grape Seed extract [Whole Health MD/Grape Seed extract, Books, Links, Papers, LifeExtension], [36], (0). Grape Seed Extract (bodybuilding site), (0). with calcium, promotes bone formation, foils osteoporosis. Grape Seed Polyphenols [Links, LifeExtension]. "Phosphatides from soy lecithin enhance the uptake of grape seed polyphenols to targeted brain tissues." Hydroxyl free radicals that peroxidize lipids and oxidize DNA are thereby neutralized. This combination can "improve age-related cognitive oxidative damage and cerebral amyloid deposition while improving blood circulation to the brain." - [LifeExtension, October 2009, Robert Haas, Are You Safe from Alzheimer's Disease and Cognitive Decline?] Also see Life Extension Cognitex, [Links/soy lecithin phosphatides with grape seed extract, Links/soy lecithin]. Grape Varieties [Wikipedia/Grape Varieties, (0). Green, Jim All-time best lifts [26]. Green tea [LEF/Green tea, Green tea polyphenols, LifeExtension, Books, Links], antioxidant, protects against sunlight UV damage, "Topical application of green tea extract reduces protein glycation in the skin by up to 75%." (LE), [25b]. Green tea is a small molecule telomerase inhibitor. On the bodybuilding side, according to Jim Stoppani PhD of Muscle and Fitness magazine (Fall 2009) in Elements of a Stack, green tea is an effective component of a program for fat burning, and EGCG in green tea is itself an effective fat burner, boosting fat release from cells. Stoppani recommends 500-1000 mg of green tea extract standardized to 50% EGCG taken 30-60 minutes before a workout. Components of an effective bodybuilding fat burning program include the primary component L-carnitine (1-3 grams with meals and pre- and post-workout shakes), with CLA (1-3 grams), Forskolin (20-50 mg 30-60 min before each workout and before meals), and Green Tea extract (500-1000 mg taken 30-60 min before each workout and before meals). Grey hair [Melancor to reverse greying of hair, [48], [74s]. On the average, 50% of persons have 50% grey hair by age 50 [Hisama, Chromosomal Instability and Aging, p.565]. See Hair Greying: [Books, Links, LifeExtension], Melancor to reverse greying of hair, [48]. Also see [74s/GREYING]. Oral admistration of small molecule telomerase activators such as astralagus extract can restore hair color by rejuvenating the stem cells that restore hair melanocytes, at a rejuvenation rate of about 9 years per year. See Telomere Remodeling with Cyclic Telomerase Activation. GRN139951 [Aegis/GRN139951 (probably astragaloside IV), a small molecule telomerase activator from Geron. [Links]. "Geron Corporation, in collaboration with the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, conducted a screen for telomerase activators using human keratinocytes. The source of material for the screen was natural product extracts. In the course of the screen, several extracts were discovered that reproducibly up-regulated the low, basal level of telomerase in human keratinocytes. With analysis of the extract and further testing, one compound in the extract, named GRN139951, was identified as the key telomerase activator in the extract. It was capable of activating telomerase in keratinocytes and other human cell types (e.g. lymphocyte immune cells) at very low concentrations. GRN140665 (probably cycloastragenol), a derivative of GRN139951 also present in the extract but at lower concentrations, was prepared and found to possess similar telomerase activating properties. (I note that cycloastragenol may be chemically derived from astragaloside IV by a process well-described by Geron patent literature.) These molecules are under development for the treatment of degenerative diseases by TA Therapeutics, Limited." - BioExchange News. GRN140665 [Aegis/GRN140665 (probably cycloastragenol, and TA Sciences TA-65), a small molecule telomerase activator from Geron. [Links]. Growth Hormone [Smart-Drugs/Growth Hormone, Links, Books, Ben Best, (2). Growth hormone and IGF-1 may also be useful in lengthening telomeres, but they must be applied carefully, as telomerase activation does not inhibit proliferation of undesirable cell colonies and interferes with one of the body's cancer-inhibiting mechanisms. (7). Gugulipid [Links/Gugulipid, [Books, LifeExtension], lowers LDL, raises HDL, lowers cholesterol & triglycerides. Gulonolactone oxidase [LewRockwell/Gulonolactone oxidase, [Links, Books] and Vitamin C metabolism, [29]. Hair Dye Mutagenic Carcinogens [PNAS/Hair Dye Mutagenic Carcinogens, [71]. Hair Greying [Books, Links, LifeExtension], Melancor to reverse greying of hair, [48]. Also see [74s/GREYING]. Oral admistration of small molecule telomerase activators such as astralagus extract can restore hair color by rejuvenating the stem cells that restore hair melanocytes, at a rejuvenation rate of about 9 years per year. See Telomere Remodeling with Cyclic Telomerase Activation. Hair Loss Treatment [Hair Loss Treatment [74s], LifeExtension, Books, LibCong, Links], [74s]. Topical application of telomerase activators tends to restore hair, according to research at Artandi Labs. Hair Thickeners [Links, Images, Videos, Books], [74s]. Hair Transplants [Medical Hair Restoration All-Stars, Links, Books, Amazon, LifeExtension]. Haritaki (The ethanol extract from the fruit of Terminalia chebula (Combretaceae), or Haritaki. Also termed chebulic myrobalan.) A telomerase activator (67) from Aryurvedic Medicine [Wikipedia/Ayurveda, Links/Ayurvedic Medicine]. Said to function as a mild laxative with "alterative" properties. Chebuloside II, a pentacyclic triterpene glucoside also described as a triterpenoid glycoside, is used as a marker for the quality of the ethanolic extract. Principle constituents of Haritaki extract include chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid, and corilagin. Music: My Sweet Lord by George Harrison. Harley, Calvin B. [Ask the Scientists/Calvin B. Harley, Forbes PhD Profile/Calvin B. Harley, Links, Papers]. Chief Scientific Officer of Geron Corporation. A key player in the development of small molecule telomerase activators for rejuvenation and other applications. Co-author of some of the first papers on telomeres and telomerase (7) in replicative senescence. Harman, Denham [Harman, Denham, father of the Free Radical Theory of Aging, Links, Papers, LifeExtension, Books], Discoverer of the free radical theory of aging in 1956 and President of The American Aging Association. (1). Hayflick Limit Theory [Senescence.info/Hayflick Limit Theory of Aging based on Telomeres, Hayflick limit (typically 50 cell divisions for human embryonic tissues), Hayflick, His Limit, and Cellular Aging by Shay & Wright, Books, LibCong, Links, LifeExtension], improved by carnosine in vitro, improved by Neygeront [79], totse/The Hayflick Limit, Carnosine & Cellular Senescence, Kinetin, (1), (7). Hayflick, Leonard [InfoAging/Leonard Hayflick, Wikipedia/Leonard Hayflick, Hayflick, His Limit, and Cellular Aging by Shay & Wright, How and Why We Age by Leonard Hayflick (images), Links, Books, Papers, LifeExtension] [16]. HDACs, or Histone Deacetylases [Wikipedia, Links, Books, LibCong, Amazon] act to condense and silence chromatin via deacetylation of histones, while Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors [Links, Wikipedia, Books, Amazon, BIOMOL/HDAC Inhibitors] or HDAC inhibitors work to expand chromatin, making it more available for transcription. [Video]. Certain specific HDAC inhibitors activate transcription of hTERT, producing the catalytic component of telomerase. Heart Attack [Links, Books, LibCong, LifeExtension] [73]. Heat Shock Proteins [FASEBJ/Heat Shock Protein Overexpression via Hsp22 extends Drosophila life span 30%.. [Books/heat shock proteins, LibCong, Books/aging and heat shock proteins, Links/aging and heat shock proteins, Papers/aging and heat shock proteins, LifeExtension, Wikipedia], [24s]. According to the Geron European Patent (A' alternate-source version Compositions and Methods for Increasing Telomerase Activity, or A''), heat shock proteins mediate the assembly of telomerase and can be used to increase telomerase levels in the cell. (White). Many heat shock proteins, such as HSP60, HSP70, and HSP90, are chaparonins mediating protein folding. Astragalosides seem to be treated like nuclear superfamily transcription factors complexed with the heat shock protein Hsp90 [Links, Wikipedia, Books, Amazon, Papers] before tranfer into the nucleus of the cell. (Perhaps they are all stripped down to cycloastragenol, the common alglycone of the astragalosides, prior to transport into the nucleus.) It may accelerate matters to improve Hsp90 expression by some means, perhaps by raising Interleukin 6 levels via exercise. We might pump up just before taking our astragalus root extract with Chitosan to facilite its march into the nucleus complexed with Hsp90 elevated by the exercise session. HSP90 maintains cellular steroid receptors and transcription factors vital for protein synthesis. [See Iron Man, Sept.2009, for the Jerry Brainum article on heat shock proteins, summarized and expanded below.] Heat shock proteins (stress proteins) maintain proper protein folding and transport proteins across cellular membranes. HSPs were discovered in 1962, when DNP (dinitrophenol) was used to increase body heat in fruit flies. HSPs help maintain protein shapes degraded by stress, including stress from infections, inflammation, toxins like alcohol, trace metals like cadmium or lead, and from UV light. Starvation, too little oxygen, dehydration and exercise all induce HSP release. We will consider HSP20, HSP22, HSP25, HSP60, HSP70, HSP72, and HSP90. Ubiquitin, which helps degrade certain muscle-associated proteins, acts like a small HSP. HSPs may signal immune cells. HSPs may monitor cell proteins, taking them to a place in the cell to make way for newly synthesized proteins. HSP20 prevents aggregation of platelets, clotting, the immediate cause of heart attacks and strokes, and protects against ischemia and reperfusion injuries. HSPs are involved in anticatabolic insulin metabolism. ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) stimulate HSP release, so HSPs are released better during exercise in the absence of antioxidants which counteract ROS. Antioxidants should be taken well after exercise if HSPs are to be abundantly available from a workout. HSPs boost glutathione, a major endogenous antioxidant. HSPs such as HSP70 blunt the release and activity of TNF-α, a major agent of muscle catabolism. The presence of TNF-α stimulates HSP70 release. HSP70 also inhibits NFκB, an inflammatory mediator partially responsible for muscle atrophy. In addition, HSP70 prevents foxo3 transcription. HSPs and NO interact, dialating bronchial tubes, dimenishing exercise-induced asthma. High intensity resistance exercises seem to be required to much boost HSP production from exercise. Note that HSP60 is released during contractions not causing much muscle injury, and is concentrated in mitochondria, helping to protect them. HSP60 also helps to maintain IGF-1 cell receptors, which has anti-aging benefits. HSP70 is produced during high-intensity contractions and helps damaged muscle proteins function again via refolding. Higher levels of HSP70 give better cardiovascular protection. HSP72 is boosted by anabolic steroids such as Deca-Durabolin, allowing more high-intensity training. HSP release is also stimulated by testosterone and catecholamines (stress hormones) including epinephrine and norepinephrine, which can be released by taking caffeine. Caffeine boosts HSP72 production during workouts. Perhaps the most effective HSP blocker during exercise is gamma tocopherol (abundant in peanuts), and so perhaps gamma tocopherol should be taken well after workouts if HSP production is to be emphasized. Another activator of HSPs in muscle cells is lipoic acid, and a combination of carnosine and zinc can also activate HSPs. Unfortunately, overexpression of certain HSPs can initiate cancer in some cells by deactivating p53, a tumor-suppressing protein. From an anti-aging point of view, I believe I prefer to keep antioxidant protection high at all times, and rely on HGH, IGF-1, and NO from exercise more than on heat shock proteins from exercise for anti-aging benefits. On the other hand, lipoic acid and a combination of carnosine and zinc to activate HSPs looks attractive. Otherwise, regarding Hsp22, [Hytest/Human Heat Shock Protein Hsp22, Hsp22 extends the life span of Drosophila 30%. (Ben Best, also FASEB Journal, Genevive Morrow, Milanie Samson, et.al.) Also see elevating Hsp22 with Trichostatin A, [Books/heat shock proteins, Links, Wikipedia, LibCong/Heat Shock Proteins, LifeExtension] [24s]. Resveratrol activates SIRT1, which stress-inducibly regulates Heat Shock Factor (HSF1, HSF2, and HSF4), a transcription factor regulating the expression of Heat Shock Proteins. In fact, Heat Shock Factor 1 (HSF1) regulates life span. Tex OE [Links], an extract of the skin of prickly pear cactus fruit, is taken 2 hours prior to stress exposure such as bodybuilding exercise to raise levels of HSP70 and HSP27, and can increase HSPs by 200%. HSP70 blocks muscle atrophy. TEX OE is also used for hangovers. Supplements [Links/HSP supplements, Links/HSP activators] include HSPactive. Height loss with age [Books, Links, LifeExtension] [102]. See Bone Growth: [Links, LifeExtension; Links/bone growth and hormones; Books/bone growth for height, Papers] Bone length growth stops in early adulthood, but bones can grow in thickness in response to stress from handling weights later in life. Using small molecule telomerase activators to return to an early stage of development may be possible, to continue growth and development by supplying the proper bone growth factors, including minerals, other nutrients, and hormones such as HGH stimulated by whey protein in milk, cottage cheese, or yogurt. Consider vitamin D3, vitamin K, calcium, magnesium, and vitamin C for collagen synthesis important in bone growth. In the future, man may resemble a lobster that continues to grow in height and weight throughout his life span, unless he modifies his supplements program to prevent further growth. See world's tallest man Leonid Stadnik [Links]. Greater height requires more food per unit time, and finally increasing height can become suboptimal for various reasons, including peer group approval. See also Bone Repair [Links, LifeExtension; Books/bone repair, Papers]. Note that CDC-choline can improve HGH levels 4x (LEF, Mar.2009), and that Wheat Germ [Links] may have application to bone growth. See Hodgson Mill Untoasted Wheat Germ. Note also that grape seed extract promotes bone formation, as does dried plum. For additional remarks, see Age Transformation/Reprogramming Height. Helicases There are 5 RecQ DNA helicase genes [Wikipedia/Helicases, Books/DNA helicases, LibCong, Books/RecQ DNA helicase genes] used to unwind DNA, some or all requiring Mg+2 as a cofactor [Hu & Ellis, Bloom Syndrome, in Chromosomal Instabilty and Aging, by Hisama, et al, 2003]. Therefore, it may be that deficiencies in dietary magnesium are connected with genomic instabilities in aging cells via the malfunctioning of DNA helicases. The WRNp helicase associated with Werner Syndrome, for instance, is localized to the telomere, and may malfunction if sufficient magnesium is not available as a cofactor [Links, Papers]. Consider magnesium as a supplement. [Links, Papers]. According to Life Extension magazine, low levels of magnesium are chronic in the US population, and magnesium should be supplemented. Otherwise, consequences include hypertension and higher rates of sudden death. Herbs and Anti-Aging [Links/Herbs and Anti-Aging, LifeExtension, Links/herbs and anti-aging therapy, LibCong/anti-aging herbs, Books]. Herbs, Antioxidant with ORAC scale [LifeExtension, Links/ORAC scale, Books/ORAC scale, LibCong/Antioxidant Herbs]. HGH [Wikipedia, Links/Human Growth Hormone, James_South/HGH, Books, LibCong, Links/HGH and Aging, LifeExtension] Human Growth Hormone upregulates telomerase (article). [Links/HGH and telomerase activation, Papers]. Note that HGH (TA/HGH) activates IGF-1, reviewed as a telomerase activator (TA/IGF-1). HGH is stimulated whey protein [Links]. According to Life Extension Magazine (March 2009) CDP-choline [Links, LifeExtension, IndexCD/CDP-Choline] can amplify HGH levels by a factor of 4. Supplementation with L-Arginine and Ornithine (Links/HGH secretagogues, Links/Arginine plus Ornithine for HGH) can produce a large increase in growth hormone secretion lasting many hours. I note that fish contain both arginine and ornithine, stimulating HGH, so that coastal people are usually taller than natives that live inland and do without fish. Bodybuilding exercise also stimulates HGH [Links]. HGH may be used to stimulate greater height development in the years 15-25. Human Growth Hormone (HGH) may activate telomerase directly through the PI3-K signaling pathway employing PhosphatidylInositol 3'-kinase. See the article: L Gomez-Garcia, FM Sanchez, MT Vallejo-Cremades, IA Gomez de Segura and E De Miguel del Campo, Direct activation of Telomerase by GH via phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase, Journal of Endocrinology, 2005, 185, 421-428. See also Wikipedia/Phosphoinositide 3-kinase, which introduces the family of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinases. [15], [23], (2), [17s]. High Blood Pressure (See Wikipedia/Hypertension) Hypertension refers to high blood pressure due to salt.) [Books/Hypertension, LibCong, Links/Hypertension, LifeExtension]. High Throughput Screening [Links, Wikipedia, Books, LibCong, Amazon]. Histology of the Aging Brain [Links/Histology of the Aging Brain, Links/the cells of the aging brain, Books/the cells of the aging brain, LibCong, LifeExtension/Aging Brain Cells, Papers/the cells of the aging brain, Papers/microphotographs of aging brain cells, Papers/histology of the aging brain, Books/histology of the aging brain], [59s]. Histology of Senescent Cells [Books, images, Links/senescent cells, Books/senescent cells, LibCong/senescent cells, Books/cellular senescence, Links/senescent cells, Wikipedia, Links/microphotographs of senescent cells, Papers/microphotographs of senescent cells, and photos of senescent fibroblasts from Hayflick, His Limit, and Cellular Aging by Jerry W. Shay & Woodring E. Wright]. History of Molecular Biology [Wikipedia, LibCong], History of Medicine [Wikipedia, Wiki/Timeline], History of Science [Wikipedia, Timeline of Scientific Discoveries], [Hayflick, His Limit, and Cellular Aging by Shay & Wright]. HIV [Wikipedia, Books, LibCong, Amazon; Books/early senescence of CD8+ cells in HIV, Links]. Astragaloside IV and other anti-senescence drugs such as cycloastragenol or astragalus extract may be used to treat HIV infections, which exhaust CD8+ cells [Wikipedia, Books] with replicative senescence. Holy Basil [Links, Images] lowers COX2 and cortisol levels. Homocysteine [Books, LibCong, Links, LifeExtension] Homocysteine levels elevated to toxic proportions due to synthesis from dietary methionine in red meat and poultry are aggravated due to a decline in detoxifying methylation in aging specimens. It has been noted that a homocysteine blocker or shield also helps to preserve telomere length.[69s]. Homocysteine Blocker prevents artherosclerosis, and typically includes TMG (trimethylglycine), folic acid, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and additives. [Links, Books, Amazon, brand BIOCHEM]. Hormesis, [Books, LibCong, Links, LifeExtension/Hormesis, Wikipedia/Hormesis] (9), [5s]. Small doses of radiation make mice and insects live longer, although large doses reduce life span. The same "hormesis" effect applies to heat treatments and exercise, it seems. Dieting might be pictured as a mild stress resulting in life span prolongation, whereas starvation results in death, so that the "hormesis" approach is merely to diet for longevity and slenderizing restructuring. Hormone Replacement Therapy [Links, Books, LibCong, LifeExtension, Wikipedia, Ben Best/Hormones] (2). See also Sex Hormone Replacement in Older Adults by Ben Best. Hormone Skin Creams [Links]. Horse Chestnut [Ray/Horse Chestnut, Links, Books, LifeExtension] - A cure for varicose veins [Links, Books, LifeExtension]. Escin [Links, Books, Images] in horse chestnut increases the tone of veinous walls, promoting improved circulation and making it a popular oral and topical treatment for varicose veins and veinous insufficiency. In one test, treatment with 50 mg of escin twice daily was equivalent to compression stocking therapy [Links]. See also non-invasive treatment for varicose veins [Links]. In bodybuilding, horse chestnut [Links] is used to increase vascularity and improve definition. HPLC High-pressure liquid chromatography [Wikipedia, Links, Books, Amazon, LibCong]. See also organoleptic HPLC [Links, Amazon] and quantitative HPLC [Links, Amazon]. hTERT [Wikipedia, iHOP/hTERT defining information, iHOP/hTERT interaction information, iHOP/hTERT most recent information, Links, Books, LibCong, Books/hTERT insertion, Papers, Amazon/hTERT gene, Patents/hTERT, Patent Lens/Telomerase, LifeExtension]. The hTERT gene for the telomerase protein part is located on the distal end of chromosome 5p at 5p15.33, probably the most distal gene on the chromosome, which contains 609 genes. The half-life of the associated molecule is up to 4 weeks. The hTR sequence for the RNA part of telomerase is located on chromosome 3 (1,436 genes) at 3q26.3, and the associated RNA exhibits a half-life of about 5 days. There are indications that, in addition to lengthening telomeres, hTERT protein expression leads to otherwise improved DNA repair and superior genomic stability. See Girdhar G Sharma, Arun Gupta, Huichen Wang, Harry Scherthan, Sonu Dhar, Varsha Gandhi, George Iliakis, Jerry W Shay, Charles S H Young and Tej K Pandita, (2003), hTERT associates with human telomeres and enhances genomic stability and DNA repair, Oncogene (2003) 22, 131–146. hTERT activation [Wikipedia, Links, Books, Papers, Patents, Images, Amazon, LifeExtension, Biocarta Pathways]. See Telomerase Activation Therapies, Telomerase induction, Small Molecule Telomerase Activators, [81s, 81s/TELOMERASEACTIVATE], (7). The topic "hTERT activation" arises most frequently in the discussion of cancer, although it is also mentioned occasionally in connection with aging or anti-aging treatment. Cancers frequently up-regulate telomerase as part of their program for undesirable cellular proliferation. On the other hand, hTERT is not an oncogene and up-regulation of telomerase does not induce cancer. For instance, the germ line cells are permanently telomerase up-regulated. As a matter of fact, telomerase up-regulation tends to prevent cancer where it occurs as a consequence of telomere shortening, as in carcinomas based on the behavior of epithelial tissues. hTERT enhancer [Links, Books, Books/transcription enhancers, Patents/hTERT enhancer, Amazon/hTERT enhancer] Enhancers upstream or far downstream from the promoter of a gene and on the other side of the gene can sometimes enhance transcription very markedly. hTERT immortalization confers genomic stability [Books, Papers, Patents, Links, Amazon]. hTERT insulator [The hTERT gene is embedded within a Nuclease-resistant Chromatin Domain, Links, Books, Papers, Patents] Usually, DNA methylation [Links] works to silence a gene, but in cases in which the gene is flanked by an insulator [Books] and an enhancer [Links], the enhancer is only turned on when the insulator is methylated at 5-cytosine in a CG-microsequence and covered with a silencing protein. Usually, a silencing protein binds to a similarly methylated promoter to silence a gene. I note that DNA methylation is primarily evident in placental mammals. In the mouse, gene silencing manages development from the embryonic stage, but only modifies about 100 genes. hTERT plasmids [Links, addgene, Books, Amazon, Patents/hTERT plasmids]. See addgene/hTERT. hTERT promoter [Biocarta/hTERT_Pathway, Wikipedia/Promoter; Links/the hTERT promoter sequence, Images; Links/hTERT Promoter, Books/hTERT Promoter, Patents/hTERT promoter, Patent Lens/Telomerase, Papers, Amazon, Books/human gene promoter and repressor design, Books/transcription promoters, Biocarta Pathways]. See Morin, et.al, the Aug. 17, 2004 Geron patent Telomerase promoter driving expression of therapeutic gene sequences. See also M Wick, D Zubov, G Hagen, 1999, Genomic organization and promoter characterization of the gene encoding the human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), Gene, Volume 232, Issue 1, 17 May 1999, Pages 97-106. Furthermore, don't miss Cong, YS, The Human Telomerase Catalytic Subunit hTERT: organization of the gene and characterization of the promoter, Human Molecular Genetics, 1999, vol.8, no.1, 137-142. See also Yu-Sheng Cong, Woodring E. Wright, and Jerry W. Shay, Human Telomerase and Its Regulation and Izumi Horikawa, P. LouAnn Cable, Cynthia Afshari and J. Carl Barrett, 1999: Cloning and Characterization of the Promoter Region of Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Gene , Cancer Research, 59, 826-830, February 1, 1999 [Papers, Books]. See Takakura, M., Kanaya,T., et al, 1999, Cloning of human telomerase catalytic subunit (hTERT) gene promoter and identification of proximal core promoter sequences essential for transcriptional activation in immortalized and cancer cells, Cancer Research, 59, 551-557. See also Telomerase, Aging and Disease (Advances in Cell Aging and Gerontology) by M.P. Mattson, Elsevier, 2001. Note c-Myc activates hTERT promoter [Wu, Nature Genetics, 1999, Links, Books, Papers]. Dr. Michael Fossel suggested using c-Myc plasmids (perhaps with supplemental controls, such as telomerase inhibitors, of course) to activate hTERT in human cells for life extension in Cells, Aging, and Human Disease. "The hTERT promoter lacks TATA and CAAT boxes and is in a CpG island with an E-box (CACGTG) binding site and sites for Sp1 and several for c-Myc ...hTERT and c-Myc are expressed in actively dividing cells, but down-regulated in non-dividing cells. ... C-Myc rapidly and directly induces hTERT expression." (M.Fossel, p.286). See also Theodora R. Devereux, Izumi Horikawa, Colleen H. Anna, Lois A. Annab, Cynthia A. Afshari and J. Carl Barrett, 1999. DNA Methylation Analysis of the Promoter Region of the Human Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (hTERT) Gene, Cancer Research 59, 6087-6090, December 1, 1999. See also Joseph C. Poole, Lucy G. Andrews and Trygve O. Tollefsbol, Activity, function, and gene regulation of the catalytic subunit of telomerase (hTERT), Gene, Volume 269, Issues 1-2, 16 May 2001, Pages 1-12. Note that the hTERT promoter for the catalytic component of telomerase contains binding sites for the transcription factor Sp1 [Links, Papers, Books] and for the transcription factor c-Myc [Links, Papers, Books; Wikipedia/C-myc]. Binding sites for the estrogen receptor [Links] and the progesterone receptor [Links] are also found in the hTERT promoter, and it has also been reported that protein kinase C [Links, Books, Books/protein kinase C and telomerase] is involved in the regulation of telomerase activity. It has also been shown that Akt Protein Kinase [Links; Links/Akt Protein Kinase and telomerase, Books] is associated with two receptor sites on the hTERT promoter. See Sang Sun Kang, Taegun Kwon, Do Yoon Kwon, and Su Il Do, Akt Protein Kinase Enhances Human Telomerase Activity through Phosphorylation of Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase Subunit, J Biol Chem, Vol. 274, Issue 19, 13085-13090, May 7, 1999. See also the index entry for Promoters (Gene Promoters and Transcription Factors). hTERT Promoter methylation [Links]. The hTERT promoter is in a CpG island regulated in part by DNA methylation. ..."In telomerase-positive samples, a methylation of all the CpG sites was observed for the hTERT promoter region (-500 to +1), whereas the exonic part (+1 to +450) revealed an unstable methylation pattern. Incomplete methylation of the proximal exon region could be necessary for, at least, a low level of hTERT transcription." See Isabelle Guilleret1, a and Jean Benhatta (2004), Unusual distribution of DNA methylation within the hTERT CpG island in tissues and cell lines, Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, Volume 325, Issue 3, 17 December 2004, Pages 1037-1043. Demethylation of DNA could contribute to aging by interfering with the hTERT promoter. hTERT repressor [Links, Papers, Patents/hTERT repressor, Books, Amazon, LifeExtension1, LifeExtension2, Biocarta Pathways]. See also William H. Andrews, C.A.Foster, S. Fraser, Hamid Mohammedpour, of Sierra Sciences, 2004: Methods and Compositions for Modulating Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (TERT) Expression, United States Patent No. 6,686,159 B2, Andrews, et al., Feb 3, 2004. Explains the hTERT repressor part of the hTERT promotor and means of interfering with hTERT repression. "In 2001, Sierra Sciences discovered a repressor binding site (dubbed "Site C") that blocks the expression of telomerase reverse transcriptase ("TERT"). For this discovery, Sierra Sciences was issued U.S. patent #6,686,159 in 2004. Sierra Sciences discovered another repressor bind site, "GC-Box 5," in 2004, for which it was issued patent #7,279,328 in 2007." - Wikipedia/Sierra Sciences. See US Patent 7,279,328 (2007) Methods and Compositions for Modulating Reverse Transcriptase (TERT) Expression (2007), which refers the reader to (Nozawa K., et al., 2001, Horikawa et al., 2005, Oh, S., et al., 1991, and Oh, S., et al., 2000). See also (Won, Yim and Kim, 2002, Won, Chang, Oh, and Kim, 2004). hTERT transfection [Links, Books, Papers, Patents, Amazon, LifeExtension2]. hTERT vectors [Patents/hTERT vectors, Books/hTERT vectors, Amazon/hTERT vectors, LibCong/DNA viral vectors LifeExtension2]. See Mogfield JE, Liu WR, Reid R, 2006: Adenoviral human telomerase reverse transcriptase dramatically improves ischemic wound healing without detrimental immune response in aged rabbit model., Human Gene Therapy, 2006; 17(6): 651-660. This shows how telomerase may be activated via gene therapy using a viral vector. See Origene, Genetiq or Vector Biolabs for hTERT vectors [Links/hTERT viral vectors, Images; Links/hTERT vectors, Images]. See also [Links/targeted insertion of the hTERT gene, Images, Books, Papers, Amazon], targeted gene insertion [Links, Images, Books, Papers, Amazon] and gene insertion [Links, Images, Books, Papers, Amazon]. Also see Anti-Aging Insertion of the hTERT gene [Links, Papers] with anti-aging gene insertion [Links, Papers, Amazon]. hTR (hTERC) - The gene encoding the RNA component of human telomerase corresponding to the telomeric DNA 5'-TTAGGG-3' minisatellite tandem repeat. [Links/hTR gene, Images, Links/hTR plasmid, Links/hTR transfection]. The hTR sequence for the RNA part of telomerase is located on chromosome 3 (1,436 genes) at 3q26.3, and the associated RNA exhibits a half-life of about 5 days. Telomerase activators that work via activation of hTERT may be limited in their rate of telomerase generation by the availability of hTR RNA, the 2nd component of telomerase, limiting the rejuvenation rate. See Links/hTR activators; Links/hTERC activators, Papers/hTERC activators. See the impact of histone acetylation [Links, Books] on hTR transcription [Links, Books]. It may be useful to take HDAC inhibitors [Links, Books] such as sodium butyrate [Links] or trichostatin A [Links] to improve transcription of the hTR RNA component of the telomerase telomeric DNA repair enzyme. Hull thornless blackberry best anti-oxidant berry, Links, [25L], (1). Human Embryonic Stem Cells: A Primer, [Links, Books, LibCong/Embryonic Stem Cells, LibCong/Adult Stem Cells, LifeExtension]. Human Genome [NCBI/Human Genome Resources, OMIM, Books, LibCong/The Human Genome, Wikigenes, Wikipedia/Human Genome, Nature/Human Genome, Amazon, Links, LifeExtension, Links/The Human Genome and aging, Books/the human genome and aging], Stillman & Stewart, The Genome of Homo Sapiens, CSHL Press, 2004. [OMIM, Searching OMIM, Human Chromosomes 1-23, IndexEH/Gene for Human Chromosomes]. [Also see Human Epigenome Project - Methylation Patterns, (Beck & Olek, The Epigenome), Animal Genome Size Database]. Human Growth Hormone (HGH) See IndexEH/HGH. Human Heat Shock Protein Hsp22 [Hytest/Human Heat Shock Protein Hsp22, Hsp22 extends the life span of Drosophila 30%. (Ben Best, also FASEB Journal, Genevive Morrow, Milanie Samson, et.al.) Also see elevating Hsp22 with Trichostatin A, [Books/heat shock proteins, Links, Wikipedia, LibCong/Heat Shock Proteins, LifeExtension] [24s]. Human Lifecycle [Academic.Sun/Human Lifecycle, Books, Links]. Huperzine A [Links/Huperzine A, SOD-booster, Books, Links, LifeExtension] [65s]. Hydergine [IAAS/Hydergine, Books, Links, LifeExtension], [110], (4). Hydergine, see mitochondrial theory of aging, (4). Hydroderm [Hydroderm Site anti-aging skin care, Links/Hydroderm], [54]. Hydroxytyrosol, found in olives, higest-ORAC antioxidant, [Links/High-ORAC Herbs, Books/hydroxytyrosol, Links/hydroxytyrosol, LifeExtension]. Hypertension [Wikipedia/Hypertension, Links, LibCong/Hypertension] (See also high blood pressure). For age greater than 50 years, hypertension exists when the systolic blood pressure is greater than 140 mm Hg or when the diastolic blood pressure is greater than 90 mm Hg, that is, when blood pressure is more than 140/90 mmHg. Normal blood pressure is less than 120/80 mmHg. See Wikipedia for standard medical treatments for hypertension and Links/hypertension treatment. Drugs typically used in medicine to treat hypertension include: Thiazide diuretics "water pills" to reduce blood volume, for age 80 or more perhaps indapamide (Lozol); Beta blockers to reduce the workload on the heart and open blood vessels, causing the heart to beat slower and with less force; Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors to help relax blood vessels; Angiotensin II receptor blockers to relax blood vessels; Calcium channel blockers to relax the muscles of the blood vessels; Renin inhibitors such Aliskiren (Tekturna), which slows down the production of renin, a kidney enzyme that increases blood pressure. Medicine for further therapy includes Alpha blockers to reduce nerve impulses to blood vessels, Alpha-beta blockers to slow the heartbeat in order to reduce the amount of blood that must be pumped through the vessels, Central-acting agents that prevent the brain from signaling to increase heart rate and narrow your blood vessels, and Vasodilators. From the section on Helicases: Hypertension may be alleviated by supplementation with magnesium. Hypoxia [Links/Hypoxia, Wikipedia/Hypoxia], oxygen shortage in tissue, may be due to arteriosclerosis, arterial blockage, correlates to mtDNA4977 deletions, Alzheimer's Disease, and other diseases of neurological aging. See LibCong/Hypoxia, Ch.6 Deletions of Mitochondrial Genome and Neurodegenerative Diseases in Principles of Neural Aging, ed. Dani, Hori, and Walter, [53s], [59s]. |
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