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Index to Anti-Aging Medicine C-D || Home || ARC | ImmInst | SWL | Groups:LifeExtension |
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Anti-Aging Medicine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 || Labs | Foots | Refs | Sup Notes 1 | 2 | 3a | 3b | 4 | 5 | Vendors | Biblio | Change Log | Mortality Charts | Age Transformation Life Extension Magazine | IAAS | A4M | QC | Ray | Barron || Mechanisms of Aging | IN | SENS | MEME | METHUS || Springer | WSU A-B | C-D | E-H | I-L | M-O | P-R | S-U | V-Z ||A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z |[ Wikipedia | Wikigenes | iHOP | SA Biosciences ]| Geron A, A', A'', B | TA Sciences | Sierra Sciences | Maximum Telomere Support | RevGenetics | Terraternal Search: Journals || Wα | Calc | Scirus | BioInfoBank | National Library of Medicine | NIH | Elsevier EMBASE | Ingenta Connect | MedLine | Science Direct Google |[ Google Patents | Patent Lens ][ Google Books | LibCong | Amazon | Powells ][ Google Scholar | Wikipedia ][ MedLib | LibWeb] | Merriam-Webster |
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Calcium [Ben Best, Books/calcium and aging, LibCong/calcium and aging]. Calment, Jeanne, 122 years, 164 days aging record holder. (0), [Links, Photo Gallery, Books, LibCong, Papers, Wikipedia, LifeExtension], [10s], [40s]. ..."liked her Port wine, her olive oil, and her chocolates (< 5 lb per week)...", which she consciously chose for life extension after observing her peers, (0). Caloric Restriction Theory of Anti-Aging Treatment, [Wikipedia/Caloric Restriction, Wikipedia/CR-mimetics, QC, Links, Books, LibCong, LifeExtension, Ben Best/articles, Ben Best], (3). Recently, rats on resveratrol [Wikipedia/Resveratrol, Links, LifeExtension] and a regular diet did as well as rats on a calorie-restricted diet, which should make resveratrol more popular among those who detest caloric restriction. See [Wikipedia/CR-mimetics, Links, LifeExtension]. For an inexpensive source of resveratrol, see the index entries on Polygonum Cuspidatum (Japanense Knotweed), the resveratrol source that grows easily in your backyard and makes pie that has been compared to rheubarb pie. Other good sources of resveratrol include mulberries, blueberries, bilberries, and muscadine grapes. "Red grapes generally yield about 0.24 and 1.25mg per cup." Peanuts have about half as much resveratrol as red wine. See [Links/Resveratrol content of foods, Links/Resveratrol content of plants]. ___See also Metformin [Books, LifeExtension] and Acarbose (Precose) [Books, LifeExtension], CR-mimetic drugs. Camu Camu Extract [Links, Images, Andes Health Camu Camu], an unusually rich source of vitamin C and niacin. Cancer, Chart of Cancers by Type and Mortality Rate, Ben Best/cancer death, prevention, anti-oxidants & cancer prevention, [Links, Books, LibCong, Wikipedia LifeExtension, Ray], [71], [49]. Note that cancer never occurs in non-mitotic cells, but only in mitotic, dividing cells. [article]. Colon cancer is usually a consequence of eating meat fat, which results in secondary bile products produced by bacteria that generate carcinogens. Also see the index entries on anticancer diet and anticarcinogens. Also see Mortality Charts/Cancer and the index entry for carcinogens. Also see Oncology, cancer medicine, [Books, LibCong, Amazon, LibCong, Links, LifeExtension]. Telomerase inhibitors are often employed to cure cancer [Links, Amazon] by limiting cancer cell division, usually inducing massive apoptosis in tumors [Links, Papers, Books]. This technique fails when the cancer uses the ALT mechanism [Papers, Books] to continue cell division. See [Links/Treating ALT mechanism cancers, Books/ALT mechanism cancers]. Monoclonal antibodies [Books, Amazon] may be useful in treating cancers [Books, Amazon] not treatable with telomerase inhibitors. Also see surgical removal of tumors [Links, Books/surgical oncology, Amazon]. Capsaicin [Links/Capsaicin, Books, LibCong, LifeExtension], capsaicin anti-cancer links. Carbo-loading [Links, Papers, Books]. Taking carbohydrates like baked potatoes prior to a workout can be used to build supplies of muscle glycogen for endurance-oriented exercise. It can almost double the amount of muscle glycogen available for a trained athlete. Carcinogens [Links, Known and Suspected Carcinogens, Books, LibCong, LifeExtension] known and suspected, What causes cancer?, Cancer Death - Causes and Prevention by Ben Best, Teratogens [Links, Books, LibCong] dangerous to the developing human, [49]. See also Mutagens [Links, Books, LifeExtension, LibCong, Amazon]. Infection of the wall of the stomach with Helicobacter pylori [Links, LifeExtension] can cause gastric cancer [Links, LifeExtension]. ___Anticarcinogens [LEF, IndexAB/Anticancer Diet & Anticarcinogens, Books, Links]. Carbonylation of Proteins [Links, Papers, Books, LifeExtension] "Carnosine that both protects proteins from carbonylation and helps reverse proteasomal decline.", [75s] Carbonylation of Proteins or DNA [LifeExtension, Books/Carbonylation of Proteins, Books/Carbonylation of DNA, LifeExtension/Carbonylation of Proteins, LifeExtension/Carbonylation of DNA, L-Carnitine (Linus Pauling Institute)], (5). Carbonylation leads to elevated levels of ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) due to the formation of AGEs (Advanced Glycation End products), which can result in inflammation and a cellular malfunction cascade. Cardiology, heart disease & treatment, [Books, LibCong, Links, LifeExtension]. Cardiomyopathy [Links, Books, Amazon, LibCong, LifeExtension]. Weak heart diseases are cardiomyopathies. Cardiovascular Disease [Wikipedia, Links, Books, LibCong, LifeExtension, Amazon]. Carnosine [IAAS/Carnosine, L-Carnosine article, QC, Wikipedia, Links, Books, LibCong, Papers, LifeExtension, Ben Best], a dipeptide of beta-alanine and histidine, used to fight glycation of proteins and DNA leading to the formation of AGEs (irreversibly oxidized Amadori products formed from Schiff bases). Carnosine fights the carbonylation of proteins, extends the Hayflick limit for cells in vitro, latest supplement, [69], (1), (4). Carnosine's Mechanism of Action regarding cellular senescence is under investigation. [Patents/Carnosine's mechanism of action, Links, Books, ImmInst Forum]. See also article on beta-Alanine, which combines with abundant histidine in muscles to form carnosine, raising muscle pH from the acidic range back to the normal range. I think that the present preponderance of opinion is that carnosine works against cellular senescence by preventing oxidative damage to telomeric DNA. Carnosine Nasal Spray [Links, Papers, 2s]. Carnosine article - Carnosine: nature's pluripotent life extension agent, [9s]. Carnosine Face Serum [LEF/Carnosine face serum, Links, LifeExtension, Books/carnosine skin creams] Resilience Rescue, [9s], [69]. Carnosine as a cure for glycation of proteins in brain, [Books, LifeExtension] (5), [69]. Carnosine and cellular senescence [LLifeExtension, Links/How does carnosine rejuvenate cells?, Papers]. Carnosine Patents [Patents]. Carotenoids [Ben Best/Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals/Carotenoids, QC, Books, Amazon, LibCong, LifeExtension, Ray]: __Lycopene [Images, Books], __Beta-Carotene [Images, Books], __Lutein [Images, Books], __Zeaxanthin [Images, Books], __Mesozeaxanthin [Images, Books], ect. Cartilage Aging [Links, Papers, Books, LibCong, LifeExtension]. Casein [Wikipedia, Links, LifeExtension] is the most predominant phosphoprotein found in milk and cheese. Recent Chinese studies have identified it as a tumor promoter. When in the diet, it causes rats to develop neuropathy by 27 months of age. Castration [Wikipedia, Books, Books/castration and aging, Links/castration and aging] - Castrated salmon live up to 18 years longer than regular salmon [94], but if you opt for castration, have the remains cryopreserved. Eunuchs live slightly longer than normal men (Arking, p.326). (8). Catalase [Links, Papers, Books, LibCong, LifeExtension], (1). Cataracts [Links, Images, Papers, Books, LibCong, Wikipedia, LifeExtension], carnosine eye drops for cataracts, [101]. "The senescence of ocular keratocytes correlates with the development of cataracts and may be another target for a telomere relengthening drug." - Sierra Sciences. See eye drops for cataracts [Links, Images, Papers]. Cathodic protection of genes [Adam Heller, Spiers Memorial Lecture. On the hypothesis of cathodic protection of genes, Links, Papers]. Cat's Claw Extract (CAE), a DNA-repair enhancer [Optigenex AC-11, Books/DNA repair enhancement, LifeExtension] and anticancer drug [LifeExtension, Books] described in The Anti-Aging Solution by Giampapa, Pero, and Zimmerman [QC, LifeExtension, Ray Sahelian, Links, Papers, Cat's Claw Extract Supplements, LifeExtension]. Cat's claw extract is available for topical application in DNA repair skin creams [Links, LifeExtension, Books] or in DNA repair capsules for internal application. The pharmacologically active components of Cat's Claw Extract are thought by some to be oxindole alkaloids [Links, Books, LifeExtension]. Dr. Ron Pero came to realize that a class of active compounds called carboxyl alkyl esters (CAEs) [Links, Books, LifeExtension] synergistically increased the anti-inflammatory, DNA repairing and immune modulating properties of Uncaria Tomentosa [Images], supplied in Pero's AC-11 without oxindole alkaloids. Causes of Death [Mortality Charts, Ben Best, Books, LibCong, Links, LifeExtension]. CD28 [Wikipedia, Links, Books, LibCong] - A surface glycoprotein that functions as a co-stimulator of T-cells that are activated through the TCR-CD3 complex, and a marker of cellular senescence in T-lymphocytes [Papers]: "In neonates, only 1% of T-cells lack CD28, vs 40% lack in centenarians." (M.Fossel, p.196). "As an aging human taking TA-65, I was hoping for measurable improvements at the end of the year long (Patton) Protocol. As a practicing MD, I am surprised at the improvement in my immune system after only 6 months. The percentage of my old or senescent (CD28-negative) T-cells compared to the total population of cytotoxic T-cells went down from 11% to 6%. Normally the ratio goes the other way with age and if this holds up at one year, that would be a very significant result. Salomon Pustilnik, MD 50" - T.A.Sciences Testamonials. See Ratio of senescent T-cells to total T-cell population in aging [Images] and ratio of CD-28-negative T-cells to total T-cell population in aging [Images]. CDP-choline (cytidine 5'-diphosphocholine) [Links/CDP-choline supplements, LifeExtension/CDP-choline]. " Molecules like CDP-choline are vital for proper synapse function in the brain and for associated cell growth and repair. It is said to have nootropic effect. UMP supplementation [Links] in laboratory animals "dramatically increases the production of vital brain cell membrane structural molecules such as CDP-choline." - LifeExtension, March 2009. "Administration of CDP-choline to healthy adults resulted in a dramatic 4-fold increase in Growth Hormone levels, compared with baseline levels." - LifeExtension, March 2009. "CDP choline, arginine, ornithine, glycine, glutamine, and niacin (vitamin B3) can help support HGH secretion, assist muscle growth and recovery from exercise, and help sleep.", ibed. CDP-choline (Citicoline) "helps make phosphatidylcholine in human brain cell membranes in older individuals; may increase acetylcholine synthesis; improves mental performance in patients with Alzheimer's disease; and even improves memory in elderly patients with memory deficits." - Ray Sahelian/CPD-Choline. CDP-choline has been produced from the uridine 5'-monophosphate obtained from the milk of nursing mothers. Cellular Biology [Books, LibCong, Links, Amazon, Wikipedia], [64]. Cell Membrane and Lipofuscin Wastes Theory of Aging [Books/Cell Membrane and Lipofuscin Wastes Theory of Aging, Links/Membrane Theory of Aging] Membrane detoxification, (4), (13). Cellular Senescence, [Books, LibCong, Links, Amazon, LifeExtension, Wikipedia, Senescence.info, (7)], [53]. Cellular senescence (replicative senescence in dividing, mitotically compentent cells) typically takes place in humans when cell division shortens a cellular telomere to the M1 point at which the telomere t-loop opens, supplying a double-strand DNA break that activates a cell-cycle checkpoint associated with senescence and growth arrest. The number of cell divisions to this point is the Hayflick limit for the cell, typically 50 in human dermal fibroblasts. At this point senescent cells may show increased metalloproteinase activity of collagenase and stromelysin, degrading the extracellular matrix, as levels of matrix metalloproteinase inhibitors TIMP1 and TIMP3 decline, as in human dermal fibroblasts (J.Campisi). Certain kinds of stimulation can cause the cell cycle to progress on from the M1 point, continuing until the M2 telomere crisis is observed, after which telemeres develop sticky end-points, so that telomere-telomere fusion may lead to cancer, typically an epithelial cell carcinoma like breast cancer. At this point telomerase production may pick up, so that the cancer cell can continue to divide. Telomerase antiaging therapy (7) attempts to remove senescent cells at the M1 point by reconstructing the telomere with TTAGGG additions until the telomere t-loop closes again, restoring the youthful phenotype of the cell and allowing the cell cycle to proceed. This reduces the population of senescent cells by applying a telomerase activator such as TA-65, cycloastragenol, astragaloside IV, astragalosides, astragalus extract, trichostatin A, Nitric Oxide (for the vascular endothelium, via arginine and citrulline), or epithalon peptide, among others. In animals such as mice, cellular senescence is typically observed as stress-induced premature senescence before the cell runs out of of telomere length and opens the telomere t-loop, typically being a consequence of DNA damage [Wiki/DNA damage theory of aging] due to oxidative stress from ROS (perhaps from ROS due to glycation) that results in activation of the cell cycle checkpoint via DNA damage detection proteins, typically including the tumor suppressor protein p53. For this senescence pathway (which may be a factor in humans) one prescribes antioxidants, iron-chelating drugs like curcumin to prevent Fenton reactions, and anti-glycating drugs such as vitamin C, vitamin B1, benfotiamine, and vitamin B6 together with a low-sugar, low-fat diet to prevent glycation reactions leading to elevated ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species) levels. Cat's Claw extract preparations such as AC-11 may be taken to accelerate and improve DNA repair, which may also be assisted by using Nicoplex [Links]. Ashwaganda helps prevent DNA damage by keeping endogenous antioxidant levels high. DNA damage to mitochondrial DNA, which is less well defended than nuclear DNA [Links], may sometimes lead to cellular failure including apoptosis and/or growth arrest. Mitochondrial DNA damage [Links/consequences] is typically fought with Acetyl L-carnitine and alpha lipoic acid, and also with ubiquinone or ubiquinol CoQ10. DMAE or centrophenoxine may be used to rehydrate old cells (with membrane proteins cross-linked by OH radical reactions) in order to facilitate transcription and other desirable internal cellular reactions during treatment. Cell Types [Wikipedia/Human_cells, Books/Human Cells, Amazon/Human Cells, LibCong/Human Cell types, Links/Human Cell Types] in the human body number 220, (3). Cellulite Fat [Links, Books, LibCong, Wikipedia, Amazon, LifeExtension, anti-cellulite cream, Bodyshape by Hydroderm]. Cellulite is due to collagenase released during the menstral cycle, which attacks collagen in the top layer of the three fat layers in the skin. This causes globules of fat to appear between degraded collagen sectors. Cortisol from stress may be a factor in fat deposition. LEF attacks the problem using glycyrrhetinic acid from licorice to fight fat deposition due to corisol secretion, horse chestnut to improve circulation and reduce capillary leakage, and gotu kola, to stimulate collagen synthesis. In addition, they use several fat-reducing compounds. See Life Extension's Cellulite Suppress Formula. Women are more vulnerable to cellulite than men, and the disease is usually pictured as due to the cyclic hormones of the menstral cycle. Centrophenoxine [IAAS/Centrophenoxine, (DMAE + Auxin), Books, LibCong, Links/Lucidril] produces higher brain DMAE levels than taking DMAE itself [60], (4). Centrophenoxine links, (4). Centrophenoxine - anti-aging brain booster. Centropheoxine lipofuscin remover extends rat life spans up to 33%. (13) Anthony Cerami [Links, Books, Papers, Home Page, LifeExtension], father of the glycation theory of aging. Cernitin [Links, Books] A European pollen extract that regulates inflammatory reactions [Links], counteracts dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and relaxes smooth muscles of the urethra. Certificate of Analysis [Links, Books]. TA-65 has one, for instance. CGK 1026 [CGK 1026 Article, Links, Papers, ChemBank/CGK 1026 molecule]. CGK1026 "derepresses hTERT expression". CGK1026 inhibits the recruitment of HDAC [?] into E2F-pocket protein complexes assembled on the hTERT promoter. [2004] Source: Linscott's Directory of Immunological and Biological Reagents, catalog # 565730. Merck CGK 1026 - Order # 565730-5MG. EMC Biosciences CGK1026. CGK 1026 has been used to replace Tricostatin A in some medical applications. See also (Won J, Chang C, Oh S, and Kim T, Small-molecule-based identification of dynamic assembly of E2F-pocket protein-histone deacetylase complex for telomerase regulation in human cells, PNAS, 2004). Cheeses, [Wikipedia, Links, Books, LibCong, LifeExtension], cottage cheese is low in fats and carbohydrates and high in protein, contains whey. Many cheeses are up to 70% unhealthy fat, a promoter for carcinogenesis and artherosclerosis, so no-fat or low-fat yogurt is an improvement. Chelation [pronunciation, Wikipedia, LifeExtension, Books, LibCong, Amazon, Ben Best] - Lipoic acid supplementation reduces free iron levels [Links], NAC (N-acetyl cysteine, links) chelates heavy metals like mercury, while carnosine and curcumin chelate iron and copper. Resveratrol chelates copper only. (12). Chemotherapy [Links, Books, Wikipedia/Chemotherapy, LifeExtension/Chemotherapy, Amazon]. Cherries [LifeExtension/cherries] - Tart cherries contain medically valuable melatonin and anthocyanidins. Chili peppers & broccoli anti-cancer [Aphrodite/Chili peppers & broccoli anti-cancer, capsaicin links, [33]. Chitosan [Chitosan, Links, Books, LibCong] Improves the bioavailability of astragaloside IV [Papers], a small molecule telomerase activator [81s/TA] which is more bioavailable from ethanolic astragalus extracts, as does sodium deoxycholate [article, Links, Books]. "Chitosan enhances the transport of polar drugs across epithelial surfaces." [Books/Drug transport]. See also Maria Jose Cano-Cebrian, et al., 2005: Intestinal Absorption Enhancement via the Paracellular Route by Fatty Acids, Chitosans, and Others: A Target for Drug Delivery, Current Drug Delivery, 2005, 2, 9-22. Chlorophyll [Wikipedia, Links; Books/Chlorophyll nutraceuticals, Links] - See Chlorophyll Can Help Treat Cancer. Also, I note that chlorophyll should be a good source of magnesium, a cofactor for DNA helicases such as the WRN DNA helicase implicated in telomere malfunction. Note that in primitive times man has subsisted on grasses, so that chlorophyll may have been prevalent in the diet of early man. Chlorophyllin [Links, Papers, LifeExtension; Links/Chlorophyllin in foods]. Contained in Life Extension. "Super Booster", and according to LEF may be "the most potent nutrient to protect against environmentally induced damage to DNA." LEF recommends 100 mg/day. Chocolate [Health Eating Club/Dark Chocolate, QC, LibCong], for longevity, anti-aging chocolates, benefits, WebMD on chocolates, more, may inhibit lipid peroxidation, Chocolate about 50% saturated fat, Cocoa powder low in fat, high in polyphenols, super antioxidant. See Chemopreventive Effects of Cocoa Polyphenols on Chronic Diseases [Books/Cocoa polyphenols]. [25k]. See Cocoa Polyphenols, below. Chocolate boosts the blood supply in the brain, according to Life Extension Magazine, reducing the risk of dementia, another good reason for aging record holder Madame Jeanne-Louise Calment (1875 - 1997) [Photo Gallery] to take 5 lb. per week of it. Increased chocolate consumption improves blood flow to the brain for 2 to 3 hours. Dark chocolate is superior to milk chocolate because it contains more cocoa flavonols per gram. See also Health Eating Club/Chocolate...What's in the cocoa bean?, (0). Cholesterol, [QC, Links, Books, Amazon, LibCong, LifeExtension], low cholesterol diet no-nos, [55], [62]. Cholesterol is composed of HDL (High Density Lipoprotein), LDL (Low Density Lipoprotein), and VLDL (Very Low Density Lipoprotein). If the LDL/HDL ratio is low enough, reverse cholesterol transport can take place. On the other hand, a high LDL/HDL ratio makes conditions more favorable for the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. Also note that the senescence of vascular endothelial cells makes them more adhesive to monocytes, also facilitating the build-up of atherosclerotic plaque. This mechanism can be opposed by rejuvenating the cells of the vascular endothelium with nitric oxide (NO) obtained from bodybuilding exercise, which produces nitric oxide synthase, in the presence of L-arginine (5 grams/day) and L-citrulline (200 mg to 1 gram per day), as suggested by Nobel Prize Winner Louis B. Ignarro in his popular book NO More Heart Disease. Note that bodybuilding exercise also produces Interleukin 6, which leads to production of HSP 90, a heat shock protein useful in transporting nuclear transcription factors such as astragaloside IV metabolites (TA-65, probably cycloastragenol) into the nucleus for further rejuvenation via telomerase activation and telomere reconstruction leading to reclosure of telomere t-loops and recovery of the youthful cellular phenotype. Nitric Oxide was thought to activate telomerase in endothelial cells for rejuvenation as shown in separate papers by teams lead by Vasa and Hayashi in the first decade of the 21st century [Vasa, et. al, 2000; Hayashi, et.al, 2006]. Since then doubts have surfaced in papers by [Erusalimsky JD, 2009] and by [Hong Y, Quintero M, Frakich NM, Trivier E, Erusalimsky JD, 2007], which argue that SIRT1 activation occurs due to Nitric Oxide, but not telomerase activation. Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors [QC, LifeExtension, Books, Wikipedia]. Choline [QC, LifeExtension, Links, Wikipedia, Books, LibCong]. See also CDP-choline and Citicoline. Sources of choline [Links] include Krill Oil. CDP-choline [Links] can be generated from urindine-5'-monophosphate (UMP) [Links] found in the milk of nursing mothers. Nutraceutical sources of choline include soybeans, egg yolk, butter, peanuts, potatoes, cauliflower, lentils, oats, sesame seeds and flax seeds. Chromatin in gene silencing [Books, Amazon, LibCong] and sirtuins [Links, Books, LibCong, LifeExtension], [27s], (0) Chromium picolinate [Berkeley Wellness/Chromium picolinate, QC, Links, Books, LibCong, LifeExtension, Ben Best], may harm DNA, increases the life span of mice 15%, (6). Chromosomes [Wikipedia, Links, Books, Amazon, LibCong]. Chronic diseases of old age [Books, LibCong, Links, LifeExtension] [103]. Clark, William R. [12]. C-Med-100 [Prothera/C-Med-100, Pero's Cat's Claw Extract: Books, Links], now AC-11 [Links]. C-myc [Wikipedia, Links, Books, LibCong Papers, Patents, Amazon, LifeExtension] is a gene producing the c-myc protein, a transcription factor that upregulates hTERT, which produces the catalytic component of the DNA repair enzyme telomerase, the reverse transcriptase that extends telomeres. Dr. Michael Fossel has pointed out in Cells, Aging, and Human Disease that c-myc, or c-myc activators, may be useful in life extension applications for re-extending telomeres in order to escape from replicative senescence. Ordinarily, we have no problems with c-myc, which is located towards the q-end of chromosome 8. C-myc is normally expressed as a transcription factor in response to growth factors such as EGF, Epidermal Growth Factor, which excites the proliferation of many types of cells, and which is also a telomerase activator. However, c-myc is an oncogene in Burkitt's lymphoma. This happens when c-myc is translocated to an immunoglobin location toward the q-end of chromosome 14, in which case its expression becomes unregulated. There are also Burkitt's lymphomas associated with c-myc translocation to immunoglobin sites on chromosomes 2 and 22, in which c-myc becomes similarly unregulated. The translocation leading to Burkitt's lymphoma usually occurs as a consequence of a Herpes virus infection, or from infection with Epstein-Barr virus, and sometimes as a consequence of infection with HIV. [Geoffrey M. Cooper, Ch.15, Cancer, The Cell, 1997, p.608, pp. 618-619.] Cinnamon and blood sugar, [Books, Links, LifeExtension], blood sugar can be lowered with cinnamon as part of a program to fight sugar damage glycation and the consequent synthesis of Advanced Glycation End products (AGEs) from oxidized Amadori products derived from Schiff bases. Citrulline [Links] L-citrulline (200 mg to 1000 mg/day) and L-arginine (4000 mg to 6000 mg/day) may be used together to stimulate endothelial cells. Using both together works better than using either separately. L-citrulline and L-arginine have also been used together in skin creams. Nobel Prize Winner Dr. Louis B. Ignarro recommends taking both just prior to bedtime in his book NO More Heart Disease, along with antioxidants including vitamin C, vitamin E, folic acid (400 mcg to 800 mcg) and alpha lipoic acid. Watermelon rind [Images] is a good natural source of L-citrulline [Wikipedia/Citrulline]. "Citrulline is found in high concentrations in watermelon rind and flesh, and in much lower concentrations in cucubits like cucumbers and canteloupe. The highest concentrations of citrulline are found in walnut seedlings." See preparation of watermelon rind [Links]. Cocoa Polyphenols [Links, Books, LifeExtension]. Jean Calment, the 122 1/3 year-old aging record holder, seems to have gotten some life extension milage from her consumption of 5 lb. of chocholate per week, although perhaps absorption of antioxidant hydroxytyrosol from olive oil rubbed into her skin was similarly impacting. See Life Extension's Endothelial Defense with "CocoaGold". Cocoa inhibits undesirable platelet aggregation leading to atherosclerosis associated with heart attack and stroke and promotes blood flow for 8 hours after ingestion. Since cocoa promotes nitric oxide generation, it may turn out to activate SIRT1 in endothelial cells via NO activation, as described by [Urusalem, 2009], or perhaps telomerase as described by [Vasa, et al., 2001], and [Hayashi, et al., 2006], although this is so far unconfirmed. "Epicatechin [Wiki/Catechins, Images] in cocoa improves blood flow and thus seems good for cardiac health. Cocoa, the major ingredient of dark chocolate, contains relatively high amounts of epicatechin and has been found to have nearly twice the antioxidant content of red wine and up to three times that of green tea in in-vitro tests." - Wikipedia/Flavoids. Cognitive Decline [Books, Amazon, LibCong, LifeExtension] and beating attention deficit disorder., Nootropics [Links, Books, Amazon, LifeExtension]. Collagen [Wikipedia, Books, Links, LifeExtension] amounts to 1/3 of total body protein in mammals. Vitamin C is vital in its synthesis, and scurvy is characterized by poor collagen synthesis taking place as a result of vitamin C deficiency. The formation of aging collagen cross-links [Links, Books, LibCong, LifeExtension] was first investigated by Verzar in the 1950s and 1960s. [Wikipedia/Collagen], [54]. Telomolecular's Bimene uses nanotechnology to restore collagen in aging skin. Collagenase [LifeExtension, Books, LibCong, Links] "Aging skin cells produce more collagenase, an enzyme that breaks down collagen. Also, cells become less responsive to signals to make fresh collagen, so the collagen layer underneath the skin begins to shrink and collapse...forming lines and wrinkles. ...Solar UV stimulates the production of collagenase. It also creates enormous numbers of free radicals in the skin." - from The Life Extension Revolution by Phillip Lee Miller, M.D. Green tea extract can inhibit collagenase activity. Coleman, Ronnie (bodybuilding) [20]. Colon Cancer [Summary, LifeExtension, Books, LibCong, Amazon, Links, Images, Links/monoclonal antibodies for colon cancer]. Colon cancer is usually caused by eating meats containing fats that eventually cause secondary bile products to be generated that are carcinogenic. Concord grape (Lambrusca grape) Conferences on anti-aging medicine [82]. CoQ10 [CoQ10 (Links/ubiquinone) & Links/ubiquinol, Amazon, Books/CoQ10, LifeExtension, LifeExtension/ubiquinol, Ben Best] with synthetic analog idebenone [QSA-10], "CoQ10 must be ingested with high-fat food such as peanut butter or avocado. Soybean oil capsules increase bioavailability." pharmacokinetics, [39], [59], [61]. Most recently, Life Extension Magazine has announced enhanced-absorption ubiquinol or "enhanced delivery ubiquinol" [Links, LifeExtension]. Ubiquinol [Links] is a form of ubiquinone CoQ10 up to 8x as bioabsorbable as ordinary CoQ10, and this has (Dec 2007) now been improved on. See also CoQ10 and mitochondrial aging [Links, Books]. CoQ10 Linus Pauling Institute/CoQ10, [QC], (4). CoQ10 according to Ray Sahelian M.D., Google links, (4). CoQ10 anti-wrinkle cream, CoQ10 skin cream, as "miracle" anti-oxidant, (4). CoQ10 & bodybuilding: CoQ10 in bodybuilding, (4). CoQ10 levels degrade with age - extends mean lab rat life span 11.7%, max life span 24%, unpatentable, "A person 80 years old will typically have about half as much CoQ10 in the heart, lungs and spleen as a 20-year-old ", (4). Cord Blood transplants [Leukemia/Cord Blood transplants, Books, Amazon, LifeExtension], (8). Corpora Amylacea [Images, Links, Books, Papers, Patents]. "Corpora amylacea are thought to be related to epithelial cell desquamation and degeneration. Ultrastructurally, they are composed of bundles of fibrils and occasional interspersed electron-dense areas. Biochemical analysis and X-ray diffraction revealed that the main constituent of corpora amylacea was sulfated glycosaminoglycans." [James D. Christian, et al, 2004]. Cortisol [QC, Books, LibCong, LifeExtension, Wikipedia, (2)], opposed by DHEA [LifeExtension, Links] to maintain homeostasis, converts into sex hormones. High cortisol levels due to stress degrade the immune response, increase blood sugar and insulin levels, impair neurological functioning, increase body weight, increase blood pressure, and are considered harmful, leading to premature aging. Ashwagandha [Links] is also used to lower cortisol levels. Other cortisol-lowering herbs include: Reishi Mushroom Extract [Links], which lowers cortisol and is anti-inflammatory, and Valarian Root Extract [Links], which lowers cortisol and raises GABA levels in the brain. Holy Basil [Links] lowers cortisol both COX2 and cortisol levels. Nucleotide supplements [Links] can lower cortisol levels and increase testosterone. See cortisol lowering therapies. Note that exercise relieves stress and decreases cortisol and other stress-related hormones while increasing endorphins, which make one feel more content and peaceful. Cosmetics and Anti-Aging Medicine [Books, Amazon, Links, LifeExtension]. Cosmetology [Wikipedia, Wikipedia/Cosmetics, Books, LibCong, Links, Amazon]. Creatine [Links/creatine, Links/creatine phosphate; LibCong/creatine]. Creatine phosphate is used in the body for extra ATP obtained from sources other than glycolysis or oxidative phosphorylation. (Creatine phosphate was discovered as a muscle energy source in 1927.) Creatine monohydrate [Links/creatine monohydrate] used by bodybuilders [Links/creatine in bodybuilding] is converted to creatine phosphate in the body. According to Jim Stoppani PhD of Muscle and Fitness magazine (Fall 2009) in Elements of a Stack, creatine can stimulate greater muscle synthesis by drawing water into cells to stretch their cell membranes to admit more materials for muscle synthesis. Creatine monohydrate may be taken both before and after exercise sessions at about 2-5 grams. The production of creatine phosphate by the body may be enhanced by trimethylglycine (Betaine) at about 1,250 to 1500 mg both before and after workouts. When taken with carbs, 300-1000 mg of alpha lipoic acid increases creatine uptake in muscles by stimulating insulin release. See Links/bodybuilding creatine precursor complex. Mice that took creatine monohydrate lived 10% longer than mice that did not take creatine monohydrate. - recently quoted in Muscle & Fitness with a reference to Bender, A, et al. Creatine Improves Health and Survival of Mice. Neurobiology of Aging, 2008; 29(9): 1404-1411, quoted in Simply Shredded: "In brains of Cr-treated mice, there was a trend towards a reduction of reactive oxygen species and significantly lower accumulation of the "aging pigment" lipofuscin. Expression profiling showed an upregulation of genes implicated in neuronal growth, neuroprotection, and learning. These data show that Cr improves health and longevity in mice. Cr may be a promising food supplement to promote healthy human aging. " - from Bender A, et al., 2008. Cross-link breakers and inhibitors [IAAS/Cross-link breakers and inhibitors, Books, LifeExtension], (4), (5). C-reactive protein and aging, [Links/C-reactive protein and aging, Books, LibCong/C-reactive protein, Amazon, LifeExtension], a marker of inflammation, [QC] [67s]. Cross-reference list of anti-aging medicines [Biogenesis/Cross-reference list of anti-aging medicines, IAAS cross-reference list, [80]. Cruciferous Vegetable Extracts [Links, LifeExtension] Cruciferous vegetables like broccoli, cauliflower, and brussels sprouts help maintain healthy hormone levels. Extracts include indole-3-carbinol and di-indolyl-methane that modulate estrogen metabolism and induce liver detoxification enzymes neutralizing harmful estrogen metabolites and xenoestrogens. Extracts of broccoli, watercress, and rosemary provide glucosinolates, isothiocyanates, carnosic acid, and carnosol, which have favorable impact on estrogen metabolism and cell division. Cryopreservation [Wikipedia/Cryopreservation, Books, Amazon, LifeExtension, LibCong], of tissue for cloning by nuclear transfer (8), of testicles following castration, [94], (8), whole, according to Ben Best. Curcumin [Wikipedia, QC/curcumin, Links, Books, LibCong, Amazon, Amazon, Papers, LifeExtension, Ray], uses of curcumin, has a positive antioxidant effect on the peroxidation of lipids, piperine in black pepper helps make curcumin more bioavailable, (1), [40s]. Curcumin does not become cytotoxic [Links] until the dosage reaches about 8 grams/day in humans. It is a telomerase expression inhibitor. Recently, Life Extension has announced super bioabsorbable curcumin [Links, Links/bioavailability of curcumin, Papers, LifeExtension/curcumin]. Note that curcumin inhibits COX-2 and synovial cell growth in arthritis, induces glutathione synthesis, and inhibits NF kappa B activation and interleukin-8 release in endothelial cells. Curcumin also inhibits thrombosis, chelates metals such as iron and copper, and may increase HDL by 50% while lowering LDL cholesterol by 40%. Curcumin attenuates amyloid deposits before or after amyloid deposit formation. It also has anti-microbial properties, attenuating HSV-2 in a mouse model. - Caleb E. Finch, p.171. See also Mayank Singh and Neeta Singh, (2009), Molecular mechanism of curcumin induced cytotoxicity in human cervical carcinoma cells, Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Volume 325, Numbers 1-2 / May, 2009, Pages 107-119. Curcumin acts in this case by inhibiting the hTERT gene as a telomerase inhibitor. Cycloastragenol [CAS Registry Number of Cycloastragenol 84605-18-5, 81s, 81s/6b, Toxicogenomics (molecule), Books, Papers, Links, Amazon, source: Medicass, also as Astral Fruit-C from RevGenetics] the common alglycone of the astragalosides, is found in ethanolic astragalus extracts, and is known to be a telomerase activator. It is the smallest molecule in the astragaloside family of small molecule telomerase activators. This is possibly TA-65 from TA Sciences. For its preparation from astagalosides and properties, see Geron's Compositions and Methods for Increasing Telomerase Activity, or the A' alternate-source version Compositions and Methods for Increasing Telomerase Activity, or A''. It is also associated with the names "astramembrangenin" [Links, Papers, Books, Amazon], "cyclogalegigenin" [Books, Links, Papers, Amazon, molecule], and "cyclosiversigenin" [Links, Books, Papers, Amazon]. Cytogerontology [NIH/Cytogerontology, Links, Papers, Aging Cell, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Journals], the science of cellular aging, originated in 1881 with the prediction by August Weismann that the somatic cells of higher animals have limited division potential. See the histology of senescent cells [Books, Wikipedia, Links/microphotographs of senescent cells, Papers/microphotographs of senescent cells, Images/senescent cells, Papers]. Cytoplast An enucleated cell or "anucleate fragment". Working in Leonard Hayflick's Lab, Woodring E. Wright and Audry Muggleton-Harris transplanted nuclei from cells that had divided few or many times into cytoplasts to determine that the location of the cell division lifetime clock resides in the nucleus [Woodring E. Wright & Leonard Hayflick, 1975]. That is, nuclei from young cells could be transplanted into old cytoplasts and nuclei from old cells could be transplanted into young cytoplasts for cells with a cell division limit of about 50 from the embryonic stage of cell development. This could be used to show that the cell division limit of the cell is determined by the cell nucleus. (See How and Why We Age by Leonard Hayflick, p.134.) [Links/cellular nuclear transfer, Links/cytoplasts, Hayflick, His Limit, and Cellular Aging by Shay & Wright]. Cytosolic Proteases [Links/Cytosolic Proteases, Links/cytosolic proteases and lipofuscin removal, Books, Amazon, Papers, LifeExtension] and lipofuscin removal [Books, Links, Amazon, LifeExtension], [4s]. Lipofuscin removal may be done conveniently with DMAE (diethylaminoethanol), in doses from 100 mg - 900 mg/day, and is also done with CoQ10 (super bioavailable ubiquinol or ubiquinone) and Piracetam [Links]. Dark Chocolate, cocoa contains PQQ (Pyrroloquinoline Quinone) [Books, Books/Chocolate polyphenols, LifeExtension/chocolate polyphenols, Amazon/chocolate polyphenols], [25k]. Dark circles under the eyes [Links, Books, LifeExtension] [104]. Death Clock [Death Clock.com, mortality charts], [17], [22s]. Death, leading causes of [Books, LibCong, Amazon, Links, LifeExtension] [75]. Death Hormone theory [Books, Amazon, LifeExtension], W. Donner Denkla DECO theory [Books, Links, Amazon], [22s]. de Grey, Aubrey [SENS, Books, Links, Papers, Wikipedia, LifeExtension, Videos]. Video: Aging of the Other Genome (de Grey on Aging of the Mitochondiral Genome, 62 minutes.) Dementias [Books, LibCong, Links]. Dementias affect 20% of people over 80 and may be classified into 3 types: 1) Strokes and microinfarct dementias due to the loss of vascular supply, 2) Parkinson and Alzheimer dementias, 3) Less common dementias: hypothyroidism, myxedematous dementia, Lewy body disease, Pick disease, and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. The most common cause of dementia is Alzheimer's Disease, which involves apoptotic cascades that irreversibly destroy neural tissue triggered by beta-amyloid and presenilins; caused by diet, diabetes, tobacco use, genetics, vascular disease, and toxin exposure, exhibiting neuronal loss of cholinergic and other neurons, necrotic areas, neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau proteins, and frontal and limbic amyloid plaques. (Fossel, p.230). Note that microglia are a growing source of inflammatory mediators in older brains after exposure to amyloid-beta peptide. Microglia are monocytes, which also play an inflammatory role as foam cells in atherogenesis and as osteoblasts in osteoarthritis. It may be that endothelial and microglial senescence are key factors in central nervous system aging. (Fossel, pp233-237). It is noteworthy that dementias do not show up in Werner's Syndrome patients, prematurely old children with short telomeres who exhibit artherosclerosis, wrinkled skin, and many other old age symptoms, except dementia. The role of iron and copper poisoning from beef in old people may be important here, as fish-eating Japanese have a relatively low level of dementia in their old people who do without high levels of iron and copper from beef in their diet. Mice and rats fed high-iron diets develop dementia. There is also the insight that Alzheimer's Disease is due to sustainted hyperglycemic and diabetes-like effects in old people, generating advanced glycation end products and follow-on inflammation leading to the disease. Also, a blow on the head can result in inflammation making the victim more likely to eventually exhibit Alzheimer's Disease, and inflammation of the gums is sometimes blamed for Alzheimer's. Perhaps microglial senescence in Werner's Syndrome patients does not precipitate Alzheimer's Disease in the absence of amylioid-beta stimulation originating in inflammation of hyperglycemic, diabetic, traumatic, or dental origin. TNF-alpha inhibitors [Links] like Enbrel have been very useful in treating Alzheimer's. Also consider the TNF-alpha inhibitor Luteolin. Demethylation of Senescent Cells & DNA Demethylation [Links/DNA methylation, Books/DNA Demethylation, Links, Books, Books/epigenetic regulation in senescent cells, Links/causes of DNA demethylation, LifeExtension/DNA demethylation]. Methylation of genes is used in the development of placental mammals to silence gene promoters after their developmental role is over, or to switch on genes controlled by an insulator in charge of an enhancer. Life Extension Magazine promotes SAMe [Links] as a cure for undesirable DNA demethylation, noting that "Cellular aging is partially caused by de-methylation". Dental Work [Dental, with Wichita Dentists & Supplies, Links/Dental Fillings, Books, Links/Dental Cavities & Repair, Books/Dentistry, LibCong, Links/Dentistry, Links/Tooth Sealants, Books/tooth sealants]. Deprenyl [IAAS/Deprenyl, (selegiline) QC, Books, LibCong, Amazon, Books/in_aging, LifeExtension, Links, Ben Best], has extended the maximum life span of a number of mammals, doubling remaining life spans, [92], [11s]. Deprenyl IAAS/Deprenyl article 2 - the liquid deprenyl citrate is considered to be superior. (testimony). Deprenyl elevates SOD and catalase levels, and improves longevity, antibody response, and cognitive function in geriatric dogs. It is a Mao-B inhibitor, inhibiting re-uptake of dopamine, and is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease and for life extension. Depression [James South/Depression, Books, LibCong, LifeExtension] in anti-aging medicine. Dermatology [Wikipedia, Links, Books, Amazon, Books/Aging Skin, Books/Skin Blemish Removal, Books/skin lesions, Links/skin lesions, LibCong/dermatology] See Keratosis, and Lesions, Skin. Desmopressin [IAAS/Desmopressin, Books, Amazon], memory improver, (5). Deuterium Theory of Aging [article, Links, Books, Papers] Deuterium in water is thought to contribute to DNA damage, and deuterium-depleted water [Links, Papers], or Dd-water, may be taken to reduce damage to DNA from deuterium [Wikipedia]. Deuterium water is toxic, and the associated problems seem to stem from the effect of deuterium on the hydrogen bond. Deuterium bonds are stronger and shorter than normal hydrogen bonds, sometimes modifying the shape of an enzyme. Deuterium-depleted water has contributed to the survival time of breast cancer patients after metastases have been observed. Dd-water may be obtained from glaciers at high altitude, as for instance Hunza water [Links]. Natives from this region report living extended lifespans on the order of 120-140 years. Plants can be constructed to produce deuterium-depleted water on a large scale [article], and it is available in liter bottles like a soda beverage. Detoxification [Books, LibCong, Amazon, LifeExtension, Ben Best] Detoxification fails in aging due to defective methylation, [69s], (12). DHA [Ben Best/DHA, Wikipedia, Books, LifeExtension, Ben Best], brain food fish oil component, important for the developing human, [30s]. DHEA [Smart Drugs/DHEA, QC, Wikipedia, Books, LifeExtension, Chart/Decline in DHEA levels with advancing age], Links, Ben Best, [67], [18s], [28s]. DHEA is anti-cancer and may inhibit the greying of hair [Books, LifeExtension/article]. Old age cognitive decline is partly prevented by DHEA, because DHEA increases the levels of neurotransmitters important for short- and long-term memory and learning. As Dr. Jerry Brainum recently pointed out in Iron Man, DHEA boosts IGF-1 levels [Links, Papers]. IGF-1 activates telomerase with anti-aging effect. Diabetes, type 1 & type 2 (adult onset diabetes), produces hyperglycemia with consequent glycation eventually mimicking many symptoms of old age, [Wikipedia, Books, LibCong, Links]. Diabetes can begin with high cortisol levels due to stress that drive blood sugar up, especially in combination with a high-sugar diet, to help the system in response to emergencies, resulting in high insulin levels finally leading to loss of sensitivity to insulin, causing the pancreas to secrete still more insulin until hyperinsulinemia is produced, increasing fat storage. This hyperinsulinemia is a precursor to type 2 (adult-onset) diabetes in which the pancreas cannot sustain insulin production. Head off diabetes by eating a low-sugar diet, exercising to elevate DHEA naturally, by keeping stress low, and by perhaps by including supplemental DHEA to balance out high cortisol levels associated with stress. Dietary Supplements [Wikipedia, Links, Books]. Dilaurylthiodipropionate (an anti-oxidant) [Links], [36s] (c) DMAE [Ray/DMAE, (dimethylaminoethanol), Wikipedia, Links, Books, LifeExtension, Ray] (4), (13) Specified by The Membrane Hypothesis of Aging by Imre Zs-Nagy to restore cell membrane permeability to potassium, like Centrophenoxine and BCE-001, which are somewhat better for this application. Used for lipofuscin removal (4) and to facilite cell metabolism (13) by rehydrating the cell. DNA Damage [Trevigen/DNA Damage, Books/DNA Damage and Aging, LibCong, Amazon/DNA Damage and Aging, Links/DNA Damage and Aging, Books/DNA Damage, Links/DNA Damage, Amazon/DNA Damage, LifeExtension/DNA Damage]. DNA Nanocircles [Telomolecular Nanotechnolgies/nanocircles, Amazon, Links, Books, Papers] Produced by a DNA synthesizer, DNA rolling nanocircle encoding can be used to re-extend telomeres. Invented by Dr. Eric Kool at Stanford University. DNA Repair Theory of Aging [Books, LibCong, Amazon, LifeExtension, Ben Best, Wikipedia/DNA Repair, Amazon/DNA Repair, Books/DNA Repair, LifeExtension/DNA Repair, Links/DNA Repair Nutraceuticals, Links/DNA repair enhancement supplements, Links/DNA repair supplements, Books/improving DNA repair, Links/Cat's Claw Extract for DNA Repair, Videos/DNA Repair]. See also DNA repair enhancement: [Links, Books, Papers, Patents, Amazon, LifeExtension]. Anti-oxidants help prevent DNA damage, as do anti-glycating drugs. "In response to single-strand DNA damage due to alkylating agents, oxidants or ionizing radiation, levels of an NAD-dependent enzyme named Poly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1 (PARP-1) can increase several hundred-fold. Maximum life span in mammalian species correlates with PARP activity." (Ben Best), (10), [52s]. PARP activity can be boosted by Nicoplex, a blend of nicotinamide, zinc, and carotinoids. Folic acid [Links/Folic Acid & DNA repair, Links/Folic Acid, Folic acid supplements could boost DNA repair, says study (1.2 mg folic acid/day used)] and Cat's Claw Extract [AC-11] are also useful as DNA repair supplements. See also DNA Repair Promoters [Links, Books, Papers, Amazon, LifeExtension]. The special-purpose DNA repair enzyme telomerase remodels and extends telomeres, allowing them to cap by closing their terminal t-loops, restoring the immortal phenotype of senescent cells in rejuvenation applications. Closing the telomere t-loops by lengthening the telomeres with small molecule telomerase activators inactivates a DNA damage signal halting the cell cycle. See (7), Small Molecule Telomerase Activators, and [81s/TA]. "DNA Repair Adjuvants (article): DNA repair promoters or adjuvants can be divided into three categories: (1) minerals (e.g. selenium and selenomethionine), (2) carboxyl alkyl esters i.e. AC-11 (formerly known as C-MED-100 derived from Cat's Claw [Uncaria tomentosa]) and (3) Dimericine, a DNA repair enzyme, (T4 endonuclease V) encased in liposomes." Also see Human DNA Repair Genes. Ubiquinol CoQ10 [Links/ubiquinol, LifeExtension/ubiquinol, Biosynergy Ubiquinol, Kaneka QH Ubiquinol] shields nuclear and mitochondrial DNA against free radicals, regenerates vitamins C and E, and is used to eliminate lipofuscin, eliminating old age spots and lipofuscin from heart muscle. It helps mitochondria process fatty acids, improving neurological energy levels and vitality in general. The anti-aging effect of ubiquinol on experimental rodents and their pelts can be very noticible indeed [LifeExtension/ubiquinol] making ubiquinol a credible mainstay in treatment of mitochondrial factors in aging. DNA Repair Acceleration [Links, Books, Amazon]. DNA Repair Cofactors [Links, Images, Books, Papers, Amazon, LifeExtension]. DNA Sequencing Technology [Links, Books, Papers, Amazon]. DNA sequencing is useful in nucleotide-resolution sequencing of telomeres [Links, Books, Papers] and of course for decoding genes and chromosomal DNA. See also Genomics. See Next-generation DNA sequencing methods [Links, Books, Papers]. Doctors and Clinics in Anti-Aging [90]. Dopamine [Wikipedia, Books, LibCong, LifeExtension] levels and medicines [97], [11s]. Dosages of Supplements, Optimum [Links, Books, Amazon, Papers], [62s]. Double-strand breaks in DNA [Books, Links, Amazon, LibCong, Books/DNA Repair, Amazon/DNA repair, Video/DNA repair, Video/double strand breaks in DNA, Video/DNA repair of double-strand breaks]. Drug Bioavailability [Video/Bioavailability, Links, Wikipedia, Books, Amazon, LibCong]. Compounds are most likely to be poorly absorbed orally when the molecular weight is > 500, the calculated octanol/water partion is > 5, the number of H-bond donors is > 5, and the number of H-bond acceptors is > 10. (See van de Waterbeemd, Drug Bioavailability.) [83s]. Bioavailability links and Pharmacokinetics with Links/Pharmacokinetics. See The Merck Manual on Bioavailability. See also the journal of Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability, the NIH page on Bioavailability of Nutrients and Supplements. Also see links of The USC Laboratory of Applied Pharmacokinetics and Boomer's Phamacokinetic Resources with A First Course in Pharmacokinetics and Biophamaceutics by David Bourne, PhD. Drug Design & Discovery [Links/Drug design, Wikipedia, Books, LibCong, Amazon; Links/Drug discovery, Wikipedia, Books, LibCong, Amazon]. See also Molecular Design Software [Links, Wikipedia, Books, LibCong, Amazon]. See the index entries for Bioinformatics [Links, Index Entry] and Pathway Analysis [Links, Index Entry] (Biocarta Pathways, SA Biosciences, Promega). For Ecoli protein preparation with cell-free extracts, see [Promega/Protein Expression, Links/Protein Expression]. See also Pharmaceutical Engineering [Links, Wikipedia, Books, LibCong, Amazon] and Index Entries/Pharmaceutical Headings, starting with Pharmaceutical Analysis. Drug Discovery [Links, Wikipedia, Books, LibCong, Amazon]. Drug Interactions [Links, Wikipedia, Books, LibCong, Amazon]. Drug Receptors [Books/Drug Receptors, LibCong, Amazon/Drug Receptors, Patents/Drug Receptors, Papers/Drug Receptors, Images, Links, Books/Drug Design and Transcription Factors, Amazon/Drug Design and Transcription Factors]. Dutasteride [LifeExtension, Wikipedia, Links, Amazon] "Dutasteride belongs to a class of drugs called 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors, which block the action of the 5-alpha-reductase enzymes that convert testosterone into dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Finasteride [LifeExtension, Wikipedia, Links, Amazon] also belongs to this group." The drug is used to treat enlarged prostate glands from BPH (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia) and in the treatment of male pattern baldness [74s]. |
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 Beaming on through the 5th dimension as Reed Richards, Jim Green stretches to signal "life extension", while flashing the fantastic factor of 4 over his heart from his studies of the GR field equations, also showing himself as Green Lantern in the background with a special relativity light clock over his heart, an engineer's jet thundering in the background on the soaring way to heaven [Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow]. |
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Your corrections and remarks are welcome. Please write
to JimGreenHimself@gmail.com.
Disclaimer: These are student study notes for research on life extension, not the prescription of a medical doctor. These customer investigations of various anti-aging medicines and foods and associated disciplines are not to be interpreted as a medical doctor's prescription or product endorsement. Be sure to check a PDR (Physician's Desktop Reference) regarding dosage, contraindications, and side effects. See also Wal-Mart's checker for Drugs and Drug Interactions and Google Books Pharmaceutical References. It is best to use quality pharmaceuticals from reputable manufacturers according to the instructions of the manufacturer, and to avoid using mere chemicals that may be under investigation for pharmaceutical applications. Many of the tips and clues in this document could benefit from further testing and research. |
