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Index to Anti-Aging Medicine A-B || Home || ARC | ImmInst | SWL | Groups:LifeExtension |
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Anti-Aging Medicine | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 || Labs | Foots | Refs | Sup Notes 1 | 2 | 3a | 3b | 4 | 5 | Vendors | Biblio | Change Log | Mortality Charts | Age Transformation Life Extension Magazine | IAAS | A4M | QC | Ray | Barron || Mechanisms of Aging | IN | SENS | MEME | METHUS || Springer | WSU A-B | C-D | E-H | I-L | M-O | P-R | S-U | V-Z || A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z |[ Wikipedia | Wikigenes | iHOP | SA Biosciences ]| Geron A, A', A'', B | TA Sciences | Sierra Sciences | Maximum Telomere Support | RevGenetics | Terraternal Search: Journals || Wα | Calc | Scirus | BioInfoBank | National Library of Medicine | NIH | Elsevier EMBASE | Ingenta Connect | MedLine | Science Direct Google |[ Google Patents | Patent Lens ][ Google Books | LibCong | Amazon | Powells ][ Google Scholar | Wikipedia ][ MedLib | LibWeb] | Merriam-Webster |
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Aastrom Biosciences [Links, Aastrom Biosciences (Site) - cell culturing hardware, LifeXLabs3, Books/Cell Culturing Hardware, (Links, Papers, Patents); Books/Bone marrow stem cells (Videos, Images, Amazon, LifeExtension); Wikipedia/Mesenchymal stem cells (Books, Images, Papers, Patents, LifeExtension, Amazon), Wikipedia/Hematopoietic stem cells (Books, Images, Papers, Patents, LifeExtension, Amazon)]. AC-11 [Links, AC-11 (Optigenex Site)], a DNA repair enhancer [Links, Books, Papers, Patents, Amazon, LifeExtension] formerly named C-Med-100, Dr. Ronald Pero's Cat's Claw Extract [Books, Links, Images]. AC-11 is available as C-MED-100 through Prothera. [Patents/Cats Claw Extract]. Cat's Claw is also termed Uncaria tomentosa [Links, Images]. See Sheng Y, Li L, Holmgren K, Pero RW, 2001: DNA repair enhancement of aqueous extracts of Uncaria tomentosa in a human volunteer study, Phytomedicine, 2001 Jul;8(4):275-82. Acai berry [Wikipedia/Acai Palm, Links, Images, Videos, Books, Papers, Ray, LifeExtension, Amazon] The acai berry, a food first consumed by the Amazonian indians, has powerful antioxidant properties. The acai berry is purple and small and comes from a palm tree known by the Brazilians as "the tree of life." The medicinal substances of the acai berry include polyphenols, flavonoids, primarily anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins. Acarbose (Precose) [Wikipedia, IAAS/Acarbose (Precose)] simulates caloric restriction (CR), used in diabetes treatment, has some side-effects, including excess gas. [Patents, Links, LifeExtension]. [91]. Acetyl L-Carnitine [IAAS/Acetyl L-Carnitine, Patents, IAAS/Acetyl L-Carnitine, info, QC, Wikipedia, Links, Books, Papers, LifeExtension, Amazon, LibCong, Ben Best/Acetyl L-Carnitine], (4), (5), [58]. Used to treat mitochondrial aging when given with alpha lipoic acid. Then it makes old rats behave like young ones. Acetyl L-Carnitine, articles, Acetyl L-Carnitine (in bodybuilding), as nootropic, in treating mitochondrial aging, (5), [58]. Acetyl L-Carnitine [Ray/Acetyl L-Carnitine, Life Extension links, with Alpha Lipoic Acid, Links], [58]. Acetyl L-Carnitine with alpha lipoic acid [Links] rejuvenates aging mitochondria [Links, Books, Papers; LifeExtension/mitochondrial rejuvenation, Links, Videos], and appears to solve most problems posed by mitochondrial factors in aging [Links, Papers, Books, Amazon, Terraternal/Acetyl L-Carnitine]. Acetyl L-Carnitine Arginate, [Patents, Links, LifeExtension], (See Acetyl L-Carnitine with one molecule of L-Arginine) Life Extension formula stimulates neurite growth as much as nerve growth factor (NGF) [Links/Acetyl L-Carnitine]. (5), [58]. Note that NGF levels were significantly higher for experimental subjects in love, and that levels stayed high for a year after falling in love. (Wikipedia/Nerve growth factor). Activated Macrophages [Images] produce ROS, Reactive Oxygen Species. [Links, Images, Books, Papers, Patents, LifeExtension]. Antioxidants may be taken to counteract ROS, or endogenous antioxidants may be boosted with drugs like Ashwagandha and Huperzine A. Use of antiglycating drugs (such as carnosine and Vitamin C) and avoiding glycation from Maillard reaction products also reduces ROS. Adenovirus transfection - hTERT or other genes such as C-myc for hTERT activation to keep telomeres long may be transfected using adenovirus vectors. [Patents, QbioGene/Adenovirus for gene therapy applications, Books/adenoviral transfections, LibCong, Links/Adenoviral Transfections, Invitrogen/adenoviral transfections, Amaxa Biosystems, Amazon/adenoviral transfections]. See also Books/viral transfection techniques for gene therapy, and Books/gene therapy with DNA plasmids, and Books/gene therapy for anti-aging. Adult Stem Cells [Wikipedia, Links, LifeExtension, Books, LibCong, Patents, Amazon, Videos] can be induced to behave like embryonic stem cells in mice. See also Life extension with adult stem cells and adult stem cells in anti-aging medicine. Advanced Cell Technology [Links/Advanced Cell Technology, Patents/biological cell technology, Books, Links] Company Site, [9]. Advances in Cell Aging and Gerontology - Journals/Advances in Cell Aging and Gerontology on-line. See Journals. Adrafinil [Wikipedia, Patents, IAAS, Links, Books, LifeExtension], Adrafinil / Olmifon Enhances Mental Clarity and Alertness. Eurodrug. See supplements for enhancing mental clarity and alertness, anti-aging European drugs, and European drugs for enhancing mental clarity and alertness. Ageing [Ageing - from Universe Review, Wikipedia, Links, Books, Amazon, LibCong]. See also Human Aging in India, with process factors. See Journals. Age and Ageing - Journals/Age and Ageing. See Journals. Aging Research Reviews [Links] Aging Research Reviews (Journal Site). See Journals. AGE inhibitors [QC/AGE inhibitors, Links, Patents, QC, Books, LibCong, Papers, article, LifeExtension], (3). See __pimagedine [Wikipedia, Links, Images], _____an AGE inhibitor from Alteon, and a component of vitamin B6, __pyridoxamine [article, Links, Books, Wikipedia, IAAS/Pyridoxamine, Images]. See also __aminoguanidine (pimagedine) [Links, Images], __carnosine [Wikipedia, Links, Images], __phenazinediamine [Links, Images], __OPB-9195 [Links, Images], __tenilsetam [Links, Images], and the AGE-breakers, __phenacylthiazolium [Links, Images] and __phenacyldimethylthiazolium bromide [Links, Images]. Advanced Glycation End products [Links/Advanced Glycation End products, AGEs, Patents, Wikipedia, Books, LibCong, Amazon, Papers, article, LifeExtension]. "the formation of Advanced Glycation End-products (AGEs) by oxidation of Amadori products is irreversible. AGEs in tissues increase the rate of free radical production to 50-times the rate of free-radical production by unglycated proteins. ", (5). Note that "browning of food by boiling or frying can increase AGE content 3-5 fold", and that "high AGE content in food elevates inflammatory markers". - Caleb E. Finch, p.129. AGEs include __glucosepane [Wikipedia, Links, Images, Books, Papers] and __pentosidine [Wikipedia, Links, Images, Books, Papers], with glucosepane typically 50% higher in skin collagen than pentosidine. - Caleb E. Finch, p.39. "The two most commonly measured AGEs, N-(carboxymethyl)lysine [Wikipedia/N(6)-Carboxymethyllysine] and pentosidine, are glycoxidation products [Books], formed from glucose by sequential glycation and autoxidation reactions." [Price, Rhett, Thorpe, and Baynes, 2001]. Age Progression and Regression [Site]. It is possible to simulate aging and age regression from photographs, via a service provided by this website. See simulating age progression and regression, also age progression studies [Images, YouTube/Facial Aging], and also face aging software [Links, Images], which features some free downloads. For cosmetic and surgical cures, see ChangeMyFace.com and [Links/Cosmetic Imaging, Books, Images; Links/Cosmetic Makeover Software, Books, Images; Links/Cosmetic Application Tips, Images; Links/Wigs, Images]. Aging - Definition [ Ben Best/Aging - Definition, Links/mechanisms of cellular senescence, Books, LibCong, Papers, Amazon, LifeExtension]. Aging and Cancer [Jerry Shay/Aging and Cancer: Are Telomeres and Telomerase the Connection?, Books/Cancer & Aging, LibCong, Papers, Links]. See IndexCD/Cancer and IndexCD/Carcinogens, and the index entries below on anti-cancer diet and anticarcinogens. Aging - Associated Phamaceutical Industry [Longevity Supplement Vendors, Piribo/Aging - Associated Phamaceutical Industry, Pharmaceutical Vendors, Links, Books, LibCong, Papers, LifeExtension Foundation; Wikipedia/Biopharmaceuticals, Links/drug discovery; Links/pharmaceutical engineering]. Aging, Life Span, and Senescence - PNAS/article/Aging, Life Span, and Senescence, [53]. Aging - Symptoms [ Ben Best/Aging - Symptoms, Links, LifeExtension]. Aging and Sex - Ben Best/Aging and Sex, Aging and Sex Organs, Ben Best/Sex Hormone Replacement in Older Adults. [Links, Books]. The sex hormones estrogen and progesterone are associated with activation sites on the hTERT promoter (although they act through receptors on the cell membrane surface), and activate telomerase production. In this way, sex may be associated with long life, and women do seem to live longer than men on the average, according to our mortality charts. Male androgens are also associated with telomerase activation, perhaps after their conversion to estrogens by aromatase, as they are more indirectly associated with activation sites on the hTERT promoter. See Telomerase Activators. Aging of Non-Sexual Organs [Ben Best/Aging of Non-Sexual Organs, Links, Books, LifeExtension]. Aging - Ben Best/Species Specific Aging and Evolution [Books/Evolution & Aging, Links, The Evolution of Aging (on-line) by Theodore C. Goldsmith]. Aging - The Molecular Concepts [Innovita/Aging - The Molecular Concepts, Innovita Research Corporation, Links, Books, Papers, Books/The Molecular Basis of Aging, Amazon/Aging at the Molecular Level, LibCong/Aging at the Molecular Level, Ben Best/Mechanisms of Aging]. See also (7) Telomere Theory and Hayflick, His Limit, and Cellular Aging by Shay & Wright, and the Nobel Prize Winner's essay Telomeres and Telomerase: the path from maize, Tetrahymena, and yeast to human cancer and aging by Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Grieder, and Jack W. Szostak. Aging Brain: What Causes It [Links, Images, Journal of Longevity/Aging Brain: What Causes It, Books, LibCong/The Aging Brain, Papers, LifeExtension; Wikipedia/Neurodegenerative Disease, Links/Neurodegenerative Disease, Images], (5) Aging and cellular garbage accumulation [Ingentaconnect/Aging and cellular garbage accumulation, Papers, LifeExtension, LifeExtension/cellular garbage], [4s]. Aging Research Center (ARC) [Links/aging research centers, Images,] [14]. Aging in Yeast, [Links, Books, LibCong, Papers, LifeExtension], [3s]. Alagebrium (4,5-dimethyl-3-(2-oxo-2-phenylethyl)-thiazolium chloride) [Wikipedia, Links, LifeExtension] Alteon's ALT-711, an Advanced Glycation End product cross-link breaker [Links, Books] that softens tissue stiffened by AGEs, Advanced Glycation End products. A similar chemical is available. PTB (N-PhenacylThiazolium Bromide) [Links, Links2, Books, LifeExtension] breaks cross-links a little less effectively than Alagebrium. Alcohol [Ben Best, Books/alcohol, Images/alcohol and longevity charts, Links/diseases and alcohol, Images/alcohol charts, LibCong, Alcohol and Longevity, LifeExtension, Wikipedia/Long Term Effects of Alcohol]. Overeating plus smoking typically lowers longevity by 13 years. Throwing in immoderate drinking takes off a substantially more, although moderate drinking may mildly improve heart disease statistics and longevity prospects. In The French Paradox, drinking red wine extends longevity by providing resveratrol and quercetin, while alcohol improves their bioavailability. See alcoholism for detoxification procedures and Alcoholics Anonymous. ALEs - Advanced Lipid Oxidation End-products [Links, Books, Papers, LifeExtension/ALEs, Amazon/Lipid Oxidation in Aging, Links/advanced lipoxidation end products]. Alkalinizing beverages [Links/Alkalinizing beverages and foods, Books, LifeExtension], acidosis in osteoporosis [Links, Books], aging & pH of the blood [Books, LifeExtension], [72s], (1). Allergic reactions to drugs [Intellihealth/Allergic reactions to drugs, Books, Links; Amazon/Adverse Drug Reactions, Books] (4). Allicin [Links, Books, Wikipedia] from crushed garlic is a small molecule telomerase inhibitor. Alpha-Glycerylphosphorylcholine (A-GPC) [Wikipedia, Links, Papers, Images, LifeExtension, Ray Sahelian, Patents] comes from soy lecithin, increases brain levels of acetylcholine, improves nerve cell growth and repair, used to support cognitive recovery from stroke or ischemic attack. "Alpha-GPC has been proven to multiply the effects of the growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) and also increases the secretion of human growth hormone (HGH) from the pituitary gland in young and old patients," and thereby has applications in height increase in 17-25 year olds (bone lengthening) and in bodybuilding and antiaging. - Affordable Supplements Alpha Lipoic Acid [Wikipedia/Lipoic_Acid, Berkeley Wellness Guide/Alpha Lipoic Acid, QC, Books, Papers, LifeExtension, Ray, Terraternal/Alpha Lipoic Acid Articles, Amazon], powerful antioxidant, thought to regenerate vitamin C and other antioxidants, thought to be good for sugar metabolism, in bodybuilding, redox couple R-Dihydro-Lipoic Acid, as mitochondrion protector, lipoic acid links, in reversal of multiple sclerosis, [70], (1). Alpha Lipoic Acid with Acetyl L Carnitine [LifeExtension, Links, Books, Papers] has been shown to restore mitochondria to a youthful state, and is thought to be the answer to the mitochondrial theory of aging. Alpha Lipoic Acid is soluble in both water and fats, making it relatively ideal as an antioxidant. Recently, sodium-R-lipoic acid [Links] has been shown to be more bioavailable than lipoic acid (half active R-lipoic acid, half inactive S-lipoic acid) or pure R-lipoic acid, capable of achieving 10-30 times higher levels in the blood than R-lipoic acid, reaching peak plasma concentrations in just 10-20 minutes. See Life Extension's Super R-lipoic Acid, a brand of sodium-R-lipoic acid. "Alpha Lipoic Acid is able to regenerate vitamins E and C, CoQ10, glutathione and even its own self. It raises blood levels of glutathione, a powerful antioxidant. It is so effective at protecting against toxicity that it is being used in liver poisoning and in hepatitis C." - The Star, May 28, 2006." Note that alpha lipoic acid increases heat shock protein expression, including the expression of HSP90, which transports transcription factors into the nucleus. See also Niku K. J. Oksala, Jani Lappalainen, David E. Laaksonen, Savita Khanna, Kai Kaarniranta, Chandan K. Sen, Mustafa Atalay, Alpha-Lipoic Acid Modulates Heat Shock Factor-1 Expression... in Antioxidants & Redox Signaling, 2007, 9(4): 497-506. Alteon - Corporate/Alteon, ALT-711 [LifeExtension, Books, Links], A.G.E.S, cross-linking fixes, (5). ALT-711 [MoreLife/ALT-711, Links, Books, Papers] Alteon, A.G.E.S, cross-linking fixes, (5). Aluminium poisioning, [Links, Books, Papers, LifeExtension], causes neurofibrillary tangles, aluminum chelation, [13s]. Alzheimer's Disease, [Ben Best, Links, Books, LibCong, LifeExtension, Amazon] prevention, treatment, causes, [72], [46s]. Amyloid beta deposition and TNF-α have both been implicated in Alzheimer's disease, which is treated by supplying both amyloid beta inhibitors [Links] like resveratrol or acetyl L-carnitine and TNF-alpha inhibitors [Links] like Luteolin or Enbrel. Carnosine and curcumin may also be useful in treating Alzheimer's. Evidently Alzheimer's may be triggered by many forms of inflammation that may lead to an amyloid-beta cascade in which amyloid beta triggers TNF-alpha inflammation, leading to further amyloid beta plaques [Images] further increasing TNF-alpha in a destructive chain sequence. Sources of inflammation may include a blow to the head, periodontal disease inflammation, or sugar carbonylation of proteins leading to advanced glycation end product accumulation and free-radical inflammation, as in excess consumption of jelly beans leading to Alzheimer's Disease. Dark chocolate is more like it as candy for old people, although cocoa powder includes less fat. American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine - Site/American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine , [Links] [11]. American Aging Association - Site/American Aging Association newsletter [Links]. See Journals. Aminoquanidine [IAAS/Aminoquanidine, Links, Books, Papers, LifeExtension], cross-linking inhibitor [Links, Books], efficiently scavenges methylgloxal, (5). Amla, Indian Gooseberry (Phyllanthus emblica) [Links, Images, Wikipedia] Good for endothelial defense, reducing atherosclerotic risk factors and reversing blood vessel changes. See Life Extension's Vascular Protect. Amyloid inhibitors, [Links, Books, LibCong, Papers, Life Extension, Amazon], resveratrol, curcumin, acetyl-L-carnitine. Anabolics [Links/anabolics, Images/anabolics, Links/anabolic, Links/anabolic steroids, LibCong/Anabolics] Anabolic substances and practices have the effect of growing tissue, such as muscle tissue or chromosomal telomeres. Catabolic substances and practices have the opposite effect, tearing them down via catabolic pathways. Anabolic pathways construct molecules from smaller units [Wiki/Anabolism]. A prototypical anabolic steroid is testosterone [Wiki/anabolic steroid]. See Bodybuilding. See also beta ecdysterone (an anabolic component in spinach increasing protein synthesis in muscle). Note that telomerase has an anabolic effect on cellular telomeres, repairing chromosomal material that restores the cellular youthful phenotype and vitality, whereas free radicals and homocysteine have a catabolic effect on telomeres. Whey protein (found in cottage cheese, skim milk, and whey protein supplements) activates HGH (Human Growth Hormone), fueling muscle anabolism, also finally producing telomerase-activating IGF-1 after HGH conversion in the liver. Nitric oxide, found by Vasa and Hayashi to activate telomerase in endothelial cells, has anabolic effect on the vascular endothelium, so that L-arginine (5 grams/day) and L-citrulline (200 mg/day - 1 gram/day) in the presence of nitric oxide synthase from exercise restores cardiovascular vitality and improves circulation. Fenugreek extract is also a useful aid to bodybuilding. Creatine monohydrate (IndexCD/Creatine) often allows athletes to break through sticking points by providing creatine phosphate to the muscle, improving muscle performance energetics. Creatine has also been shown to be life extending by about 10% in rodents, and it may also be life extending in people. Myostatin has been shown to inhibit muscle growth, so some modern bodybuilders now use myostatin inhibitors for maximum gains. See also BCAA (Branched-Chain Amino Acids) and IndexAB/Bodybuilding. Anacervix [IAAS] contains Piracetam [Links, LifeExtension] and Vincamine (similar to Vinpocetin) to enhance mental clarity and concentration. Analytical Chemistry [Wikipedia, Links, Books, LibCong, Amazon; Links/analytical chemistry of astragalus, Links/analytical chemistry of medicines, Links/analytical chemistry services, Links/analytical chemistry supplies; Links/Pharmaceutical analysis, Books/Pharmaceutical Analysis, LibCong/Pharmaceutical Analysis, Amazon/Pharmaceutical Analysis, Links/pharmaceutical analysis of astragalus extract, Links/Pharmaceutical analysis services]. See American Analytical Chemistry Laboratories, which did the quality testing on Terraternal's Astragaloside IV. Anatomy and Physiology, [Links, Books, LibCong], Seeley, Stephens, and Tate, Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 4th edition, McGraw-Hill, 2002, with an on-line site, and 2 CD-ROMS, Anatomy, Medical Physiology & Pathophysiology Online, Pathophysiology & Student Nurse Links, Biology Tutorials, Merck Manuals, Med Dictionary, MedLib, Medical Encyclopedia, Medical Images & Illustrations, Molecular Expressions: Molecular Galleries for Pharmaceuticals, Vitamins, Phytochemicals, ect. Aniracetam [IAAS, Links, LifeExtension], a Piracetam-like cerebral nootropic activator. Anthocyanins [Wikipedia, Links, Books, LifeExtension, Amazon]. Note that the anthocyanidins [Wikipedia, Links, Books] are the sugar-free counterparts of anthocyanins based on the benzopyrylium (chromenylium) ion. Anti-Aging Conferences [Links] and Symposiums [82]. Anti-Aging Doctors [LocateaDoc/Doctors, Links] and Clinics, [Links] [90], [54]. Anti-Aging Drugs from Europe [LEF/Anti-Aging Drugs from Europe, Links, Links2, Books, LibCong], [37s]. Anti-Aging Gene Insertion [Links, Images, Books, Papers, Amazon]. Anti-aging by insertion of extra copies of the hTERT gene for the protein catalytic component of telomerase may save drug expenses for telomerase activators, making a mainstay in anti-aging medicine of something resembling innoculation with a vaccine. On the other hand, application of telomerase activators such as astragalus extracts or TA-65 seems more straightforward and less risky for the time being. Genes other than hTERT may also be inserted (or modified and inserted) for application to anti-aging. Anti-Aging Hormone Shop [The Hormone Shop, Links, Books] [15]. Anti-Aging Hormonal Manipulation, [Links, Books, Papers], [35s] (a), (2). Anti-Aging Journals [Longevity/Journals, from Bibliography], [57]. Anti-Aging Medicine [IAAS/Anti-Aging Medicine (Life Extension Magazine - It's like landing on the moon.), Walford's Links, Intro, Sources (vendors), Bibliography, Books, LibCong/Anti-Aging Medicine, Links], [57] Anti-Aging Organizations [Links/Anti-Aging Organizations], Who's Who in Anti-Aging Gerontology [4]. Anti-Aging Medicine Overview - Anti-Aging Medicine: an Overview by Timothy J. Smith, MD. Anti-Aging Drug Pharmaceutical Vendors [Longevity Supplement Vendors, Links] [38s]. Anti-Aging Recommendations [Anti-Aging Medicine, Longevity, and Life Extension in Review], [78]. Anti-Aging Skin Care products [Makeup/Anti-Aging Skin Care products, Books, LibCong, Links, LifeExtension] more anti-aging skin care products, Folica Skin Care, Hydroderm, EnergoTM, MedShop anti-aging skin care products, Resilience Rescue L-Carnosine skin cream, Links/skin creams, Links/skin rejuvenation, Links/facial rejuvenation, Links/dermatology, Geriatrics and Aging Skin, Photos and Features of Aging Skin, Aging Skin Net - Find a dermatologist], [54]. See also IndexSU/Skin. Anti-Aging Systems Corp. (HGH vendor) [23]. Anti-Aging Therapies [LEF/Anti-Aging Therapies, Books, LibCong, Links] TOP. Anti-Aging Therapies ala Healthy Christian Living. See Telomere Remodeling with Cyclic Telomerase Activation and Age Transformation for an approach centered on telomeres (7). Antibiotics [Links, Wikipedia, Links/Over-The-Counter Antibiotics, Books, LibCong, Amazon]. See __Penicillins [Images], __Cephalosporins [Images], __Bacitracins [Images], __Polymyxin B [Images], __Amphotericin B [Images], __Nystatin [Images] __Erythromycin [Images] __Tetracyclines [Images] __Streptomycin [Images] __Lincomycin [Images] __Kanamycin [Images] __Chloramphenicol [Images] __Paramino Salicylic acid [Images] __Sulfonamides [Images]. See also IndexAB/AntiViral Drugs, which is primarily for viral pathogens rather than for bacterial pathogens. Anti-Cancer Diet [AskDrSears/Anti-Cancer Diet, Books, Amazon, LibCong, Links, LifeExtension, Ray]. Note that Panax Ginseng has an anticancer effect on cancers introduced with benzpyrene. "One of the cigarette smoke carcinogens that is implicated in the development of lung cancers is benzo[a]pyrene." Also see Links/benzopyrene in marijuana smoke. Modern marijuana smokers use a heated vaporizing inhaler to avoid carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons, although driving under the influence can be a hazard. See the index entries on cancer, carcinogens, and anticarcinogens below. Also see Mortality Charts/Cancer. Anticarcinogens [Books, LibCong, LifeExtension, Links, Ray, Anti-Cancer Botanicals, Anticancer herbs]. "Anticancer and Anti-Angiogenic Herbs include: __Artemisia annua (Chinese wormwood), __Viscum album (European mistletoe), __Curcuma longa (curcumin), __Scutellaria baicalensis (Chinese skullcap), __Resveratrol and proanthocyanidin (grape seed extract), __Magnolia officinalis (Chinese magnolia tree), __Camellia sinensis (green tea), __Ginkgo biloba, __Quercetin, __Poria cocos, __Zingiber officinalis (Ginger), __Panax ginseng, (has an anticancer effect on cancers introduced with benzopyrene), __Rabdosia rubescens hora (Rabdosia), and Chinese destagnation herbs." Common Anti-Cancer Nutraceuticals include: __Capsaicin, __Genestein, __Daidzein, __Alpha-Tocotrienal, __Gamma-Tocotrienal, __CLA (beef & dairy), __Lactobacillus acidophilus, __Sphingolipids, __Limonene, __Diallyl sulphide, __Ajoene, __Alpha-Tocopherol, __Enterolactone, __Glycyrrhizin, __Equol, __Curcumin (curry, turmeric root), __Ellagic acid, __Lutein, __Carnosol, __L. bulgaricus, __Suphoraphane (Broccoli). In general, the telomerase inhibitors are also anti-cancer, and these commonly include curcumin (from turmeric), resveratrol, quercetin, melatonin, green tea (EGCG), unsaturated vitamin E, allicin from crushed garlic, EPA from fish oil, and silibinin (a major component of silymarin) from Milk Thistle. The telomerase inhibitors can squelch cancers that activate telomerase as part of their program for undesirable cellular proliferation. On the other hand, if one does not already have cancer, then telomerase activators such as astragalus extract or astragaloside IV may be employed to lengthen telomeres and improve the genomic stability of tissue against cancer, including cancers due to end-point telomeric fusions [Meeker, et al, 2004], so that the telomerase activators have cancer-prevention power. Telomere remodeling with cyclic telomerase activation uses telomerase activation periods followed by telomerase inhibition periods to catch any cancers that might crop up and not be squelched if telomerase activation were continuously employed. Antidepressant agents [JamesSouth/Antidepressant agents , Links, Books, LibCong], including serotonin-enhancers 5HTP, L-Tryptophan, and Prozac. Antiglycation Agents [Books, LibCong/glycation, LifeExtension]. The Antiglycation Agents include: __carnosine [Images/carnosine supplements], __vitamin B1 [Images/Vitamin B1 supplements], __benfotiamine [Images/benfotiamine supplements], and __vitamin C [Images/Vitamin C supplements]. See the AGE inhibitors: __pimagedine [Images/AGE inhibitor pimagedine], an AGE inhibitor from Alteon, and __pyridoxamine [Images/pyridoxamine supplements]. (a component of vitamin B6). See also __aminoguanidine [Images/aminoquanidine supplements], __carnosine [Images/carnosine supplements], __phenazinediamine [Images/phenazinediamine supplements], __OPB-9195 [Images/OPB-9195], __tenilsetam [Images/tenilsetam supplements], and the AGE-breakers, __phenacylthiazolium [Images/phenacylthiazolium supplements] and __phenacyldimethylthiazolium bromide [Images]. Anti-Inflammatory Nutraceuticals [Books, LibCong, LifeExtension] inlcude: __Linolenic acid [Images/Linolenic acid supplements], __EPA [Images/EPA supplements], __DHA [Images/DHA supplements], __Capsaicin [Images/Capsaicin supplements], __Quercetin [Images/Quercetin supplements], __Curcumin [Images/Curcumin supplements], and __Ginger [Images/Ginger supplements]. Also see anti-inflammatory compounds [Links, Books, Amazon, LifeExtension] and anti-inflammatory drugs [Links, Books, Amazon, LifeExtension]. Antioxidants [Ben Best/Antioxidants, QC, Wikipedia, Books, LibCong, LifeExtension], How Anti-oxidants Became Mainstream (LEF), Google links, [51], [107], (1). Antioxidant links (Medline), (1). Common antioxidants include: __CLA [Images/CLA supplements], __Ascorbic Acid (vitamin C, green peppers), [Images/Vitamin C supplements], __alpha lipoic acid [Images/alpha lipoic acid supplements], ____(including R-lipoic acid [Images] and sodium R-lipoic acid [Images] for better bioavailability), __beta-Carotene [Images/beta-Carotene supplements], __Polyphenolics [Images/Polyphenolic antioxidant supplements], __Tocopherols [Images/Tocopherol supplements], __Tocotrienols [Images/Tocotrienol supplements], __Indole-3-Carbinol [Images/Indole-3-Carbinol supplements], __alpha-Tocopherol [Images/alpha-Tocopherol supplements], __Ellagic Acid [Images/Ellagic Acid supplements], __Lycopene [Images/Lycopene supplements], __Lutein [Images/Lutein supplements], __Glutathione [Images/Glutathione supplements], __Hydroxytyrosol [Images/Hydroxytyrosol supplements], __Luteolin [Images/Luteolin supplements], __Oleuropein [Images/Oleuropein supplements], __Catachins [Images/Catachin supplements], __Gingerols [Images/Gingerol supplements], __Chlorigenic acid [Images/Chlorigenic acid supplements] , and __Tannins [Images/Tannin supplements]. See lipid-soluble antioxidants, water-soluble antioxidants, antioxidant enzymes, and non-enzymatic antioxidants. "Water-soluble antioxidants react with oxidants in the cell cytosol and the blood plasma, while lipid-soluble antioxidants protect cell membranes." - Wikipedia/Antioxidant. Antioxidants and Cancer Prevention [USGov/Antioxidants and Cancer Prevention], includes nutrition and cancer prevention [Books/antioxidants & cancer prevention, Books/nutrition and cancer prevention] (1). See Anticancer Diet. Antiviral Drugs [Wikipedia/Antiviral Drugs, Wikipedia/List of antiviral drugs, Links/antiviral drugs, Books/antiviral drugs, Amazon/antiviral drugs, LibCong, Papers; Imiquimod(Aldara) for human papilloma virus (HPV){Links/HPV}, Podophyllotoxin (Links, Images) for HPV, Wartrol (Genital Wart Relief)], Genital Warts [LibCong/Genital Warts]. See also [IndexAB/Antibiotics], which is primarily for bacterial, rather than viral, pathogens. Apoptosis [Wikipedia, Links, Books, LibCong, Amazon]. Used in embryogenesis to sculpt tissues by selectively destroying cells without cell lysis, also used to maintain tissue homeostasis during some kinds of infections. Products of apoptosis are cross-linked. Some senescent cells (human+fibroblasts, T-cells, and mammary epithelial cells) resist apoptosis [Books], so that they accumulate with age. Apple Polyphenols [Links, Books, Papers, LifeExtension, LifeExtension/Polyphenols] "An apple a day keeps the doctor away." Apple polyphenols can lower body fat. There are about 200 mg of polyphenols per apple. FLEX magazine recommends 500 mg before breakfast and dinner, with one apple before workouts to improve definition. Arachidonic Acid [DrDeBe/Arachidonic Acid, Wikipedia, Books, Links, LifeExtension] - found in meat, poultry, and eggs. "Free radical mediated arachidonic acid oxidation [LifeExtension, Links, Books, Papers] can produce a mixture of gamma-isoketals capable of reacting with proteins to produce structures that are not only resistant to proteolysis [Books, LifeExtension] but inhibit proteasome function [Books]." - pg. 160, Hipkiss in Aging at the Molecular Level, ed. T. Zglinicki." Proteasomes [Books] must function to eliminate defective proteins [Books]: the build-up of defective proteins in the cell is associated with aging. However, some arachidonic acid is required, and is especially crucial during the developmental phase. [2s]. Arginine [Innvista/Arginine (pron. "R"-je-neen), [Links, LifeExtension, Terraternal/Arginine Studies, Books, Amazon], raises HGH levels, activates telomerase in endothelial cells. Sources include: Spanish peanuts (best plant source), peanuts, cashew nuts, pecan nuts, walnuts, almonds, chocolate, coconut, cereal grains, dairy products, gelatin, tuna (best animal source), meat, oats, soybeans, and edible seeds. Arginine is taken with whey protein to raise NO levels in bodybuilding exercise, which improves circulation in the endothelial cells of the vascular system, and of promoting mitochondrial biogenesis [Links, Books, Papers]. We have believed that NO improved telomerase activation in endothelial cells [Vasa, et. al, 2000; Hayashi, et.al, 2006], although this hope has been questioned in [Erusalimsky JD, 2009] and [Hong Y, Quintero M, Frakich NM, Trivier E, Erusalimsky JD, 2007], making us suspect that beneficial NO effects derive instead from activation of SIRT1. See lysine and arginine content of foods., amounts of arginine in foods, in mg per 100 mg. Nobel Prize Winner Dr. Louis B. Ignarro recommends taking L-arginine (4000 mg to 6000 mg/day) with L-citrulline (200 mg to 1000 mg/day) just before bedtime with antioxidants including vitamin E, vitamin C, folic acid (400 mcg to 800 mcg) and alpha lipoic acid in his book NO More Heart Disease. On the bodybuilding side, Jim Stoppani PhD, author of Elements of a Stack in Muscle and Fitness magazine (Fall, 2009), cites studies showing that experimenters could exercise longer before reaching fatigue using arginine as a NO-booster, and that NO-boosters taken pre-workout yielded muscle gain. Stoppani recommends an Arginine Stack: (1) Arginine, 3-5 grams in the morning & 30-60 min prior to a workout & 30-60 minutes before bedtime. (2) Pycnogenol, 50-100 mg when arginine is taken, to increase the activity of nitric oxide synthase creating NO from arginine. (3) Horny Goat Weed, 500 mg, to inhibit the enzyme phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5), which normally breaks down NO. (4) Ginko Biloba, 40-80 mg with arginine, to reduce the stickiness of blood platelets, improving the flow of blood to the muscles and the brain. Aricept [IAAS, Links, LifeExtension], an acetylcholine-booster for treating Alzheimers. Aroma Therapy [Wikipedia, Links, Books, Amazon]. Essential oil of Rosemary [Links/and cognition; Links] improves memory and alertness when taken from an inhaler. Memory speed may not improve. See also rosmarinic acid [Links, Papers, LifeExtension, Wikipedia], carnosol [Links, Papers, LifeExtension] and carnosic acid [Links, Papers, LifeExtension], which are the active antioxidant compounds found in rosemary. Note that carnosic acid also stimulates Nerve Growth Factor (NGF) synthesis, which may be responsible for memory improvements when rosemary is used or essential oil of rosemary is inhaled through the nose. Perhaps inhalation of antioxidants in rosemary oil is good for the lungs. I note that there are stories of men who lived many years using astragalus root, but who seemed to "die young" from whooping cough, possibly preventable by antioxidant mists such as vitamin C mixed in steam, or essential oil of rosemary constituents mixed in steam or from essential oil of rosemary vapor. Perhaps astragaloside IV could be taken in a mist or from a vaporizer to better defend lung tissue. See medicinal aerosols [Links, Books], inhalation delivery [Links, Books], aerosols and sprays [Links, Books], atomizers [Links, Images], nebulizers [Links, Images], and vaporizers [Links, Images]. Arteriosclerosis [Links, Images, Books, Wikipedia, LibCong] is a condition involving hardening (sclerosis) of small arteries called arterioles [Images] resulting from high blood pressure (hypertension), and is not always the same as atherosclerosis, which is associated with plaques that form as a result of lipoprotein profile imbalances and cellular senescence of the vascular endothelium, as aggravated by high homocysteine levels treatable with a homocysteine screen [Images]. However, atherosclerosis is often described as the most common form of hardening of the arteries (arteriosclerosis). Ben Best on Life Extension, Ben Best/Articles. Arthritis [Images/Arthritis, Links/arthritis, Links/arthritis prevention, Books/arthritis, LibCong, Amazon/Arthritis Cure, Wikipedia/Arthritis, LifeExtension/Arthritis, Arthritis-Therapies.com]. Arthritis is one of the age-related pathologies that increases in frequency with time, closely following the curve for atherosclerosis and heart disease. It is a major problem in aging, but is less conspicuous than causes of death or actual causes of death in mortality charts. Arthritis often arises from joint stresses or joint injuries giving rise to inflammation, which may lead to an inflammatory cascade. Antiinflammatory drugs such as COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitors (aspirin, ibuprofen, ginger, curcumin, ect.) are often used to help control the associated inflammation while joint injuries giving rise to the arthritic condition heal. Evidently, arthritis can eventually develop material in the joints recognized by the immune system as foreign matter to be attacked, so that arthritis is often described as an autoimmune disorder. About a 100 different varieties of arthritis are mentioned in the literature. According to Geron research, cellular chondrocytes may senesce in arthritis, and should be treatable with telomerase activation, which also supports wound healing. I get the impression that arthritis becomes more of a factor as people age because of the cellular senescence of chrondrocytes, which would degrade wound healing in joint injuries as an increasing function of age. "Omega-3 fatty acids show promise in relieving the pain of osteoarthritis. In a preliminary study, individuals who supplemented with the omega-3 fatty acid EPA for six months reported less arthritis pain compared to people who did not supplement." - LifeExtension Ascorbyl Palmitate [Wikipedia, Links, LifeExtension] (fat-soluble vitamin C), [36s] (a). Ashwagandha - LEF/Ashwagandha, (Indian Ginseng, Withania Somnifera), [QC, Wikipedia, Books, LibCong, Amazon, Papers, links, Ray, Terraternal/Ashwagandha Studies], stress reliever reducing cortisol levels [Books, LifeExtension] up to 26%, lowers blood sugar, and improves lipid profiles, ups sense of well-being, regenerates axons, dendrites, synapses, re-grows brain, reversing Parkinsonian neurodegeneration [Books], and fights Alzheimer's. Exhibits anti-oxidant boosting effects, including elevation of SOD levels. It inhibits many kinds of cancer, and is anti-microbial for Salmonella. "Ashwagandha on chronic administration markedly augmented endogenous antioxidants (GSH, GSHPx, SOD, CAT)" (Ray). [63s]. Aspirin [LEF/Aspirin anti-inflammatory (LE), QC, Wikipedia, Google links: aspirin and life extension, aspirin]. I get the impression that continual use of asprin leads to stomach ulcer because it inhibits stomach-protective COX-1 enzymes [cyclooxygenases, Books, LifeExtension] along with the COX-2 enzymes [Books], although it protects against many ailments. It seems clear that for most purposes COX-2 inhibitors [Books, LifeExtension] curcumin from turmeric or gingerols in ginger are a better solution for life extension applications. Astaxanthin [Links/Astaxanthin, Books, LifeExtension, Terraternal/Astazanthin Articles, Ray] a super anti-oxidant and xanophyll group carotenoid found in the arctic marine microalgae Haemateococcus pluvialis, salmon, lobster, rainbow trout, red caviar, shrimp, crawfish, and crab, and with great abundance in Alaskan sockeye salmon. Among the carotenoids, only lycopene and gamma-carotene exhibit a stronger singlet oxygen quenching rate than astaxanthin. One of the few antioxidants that can cross the blood-brain barrier. Anti-inflammatory and useful in maintaining eye health. [61s]. Astragalosides [Books, Amazon, Links, Papers, Patents, 81s, TA Sciences] See also Geron's documents Compositions and Methods for Increasing Telomerase Activity, A' alternate-source version Compositions and Methods for Increasing Telomerase Activity, A'', and Formulations Containing Astragalus Extracts and Uses Thereof regarding the application to life extension and telomere remodeling for rejuvenation (7). See also [Patents/Astragaloside receptors, Books/astragaloside transcriptional activators, Links]. See Chromadex kits of astragalus saponins, including the astragalosides. The bioavailability of astragalosides in astragalus or astragalus extract is improved by chitosan [Links, Wikipedia] or sodium deoxycholate [Links]. Finally, it seems that astragalosides are treated like nuclear superfamily transcription factors complexed with the heat shock protein Hsp90 [Links, Wikipedia, Books, Amazon, Papers] before tranfer into the nucleus of the cell. It may accelerate matters to improve Hsp90 expression by some means, perhaps by raising Interleukin 6 levels [Links, Books, Papers, Amazon] via exercise. We might pump up just before taking our astragalus root extract with Chitosan to facilite its march into the nucleus complexed with HSP90 elevated by the exercise session. See Medicass for astragaloside IV and cycloastragenol, and also supplement vendors/Astragalus, astragalosides. Astragaloside IV C41H68O14 [CAS Registry Number of astragaloside IV 84687-43-4, Links, Papers, Books, Patents, Amazon, Geron A, A' alternate-source version Compositions and Methods for Increasing Telomerase Activity, A'', & Geron B] in addition to its properties as a telomerase activator, or perhaps as a consequence of these properties, astragaloside IV is also observed to reduce endothelial cell inflammation and monocyte adhesion [paper], warding off atherosclerosis. Sources: See RevGenetics Astragaloside IV (Astral Fruit), Gaia Chemical Corporation Astragaloside IV (T9000), Honson Astragaloside IV, Dalton Astragaloside IV, Medicass Astragaloside IV, cycloastragenol, Purify Astragaloside IV, Sunwaybio Astragaloside IV (Guilin Sanleng Biotech Co.), Tautobiotech Astragaloside IV, Chromadex Reagent-grade Astragaloside IV (Chromadex site), Medicass Biotechnologies Astragaloside IV, Terraternal Astragaloside IV, Terraternal Astragaloside IV Skin Cream, Herbasin(Dasherb)/astragaloside IV, TradeKey Astagaloside IV Vendors. See also Maximum Telomere Support [Links], which contains both 40 mg astragaloside IV and 2000 IU of vitamin D per tablet. (dose: 2/day, 60 Capsules $89.95). Half-life in the body. Said to correct deficiency of chi, the life force. CTD Molecule image. The bioavailability of astragaloside IV is improved by chitosan [Links, Wikipedia] or sodium deoxycholate [Links]. Astragaloside IV bioavailability from extracts is also thought to be improved by the addition of some astragalus root, Radix Astragali. "The absolute bioavailability of astragaloside IV in rat was 2.2%", "Astragaloside IV showed moderate to fast elimination; the elimination half-life of astragaloside IV was 98.1, 67.2 and 71.8 min in male rats, and 34.0, 66.9 and 131.6 min in female rats at doses of 0.75, 1.5 and 3.0 mg/kg, respectively." [Wei-Dong Zhang, et.al, 2005, Life Sciences, v.79, Issue 8, 17 July 2006, pp.808-815.] [See Papers/bioavailability of astragaloside IV].  Astragalus Membranaceus (pronounced "ass-straggle-us, reminiscent of Aquarius at the end of sidereal time.") [Monograph, Links, Books, LibCong, Amazon, LifeExtension, GAIA HerbalMedicine Database, Sources: Herbs Wholesale - Astragalus Store, Links/astragalus root extract supplements, Vendors/astragalus] contains the molecule used in TA-65 (Geron's GRN-665), a telomerase activator sold by TA Sciences. Small-molecule telomerase activators obtained from astragalus include astragaloside IV [Links, Books, Amazon, Links/astragalosides], cycloastragenol [Links], astragenol [Links], and other chemicals [81s/6b]. See also Astragalus & Toxicology of Astragalus, with vendors and Geron's Compositions and methods for increasing telomerase activity (or see A' alternate-source version Compositions and Methods for Increasing Telomerase Activity, or A'') with Formulations Containing Astragalus Extracts and Uses Thereof. See also Astragalus Botanical Data from Botanical Medicines by McKenna, Jones, Hughes, and Humphrey. See GAIA Herbs Astragalus Extract in glycerin. See also Vitamin Research Products on Astragalus and their Astragalus Extract. I note that "Anecdotal reports have recommended astragalus to be standardized to a minimum of 0.4% 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-isoflavone-7-glycoside per dose. However, since astragalus is often added to herbal mixtures with unclear amounts used, standardization is not always possible." - Medline Plus, quoted in Enotalone.com/Astragalus : Dosing and Safety. 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-isoflavone-7-glycoside [Links, Books, Books/4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-isoflavone]. See also Xia Q. Ma, Q. Shi, J.A.Duan, Tina T.X.Dong, and Karl W.K.Tsim, Chemical Analysis of Radix Astragali (Huangqi) in China: A Comparison with Its Adulterants and Seasonal Variations, J.Agric.Food Chem., 2002, 50(17), pp 4861-4866. This article charts seasonal variations in astragaloside content and many other interesting factors. See also [Links/How to grow astragalus membranaceus, eHow/growing astragalus, Links/astragalus membranaceus seeds: Sand Mountain Herbs] "It is hardy to zone 6. It cannot grow in the shade. It requires dry soil.". Astragalus Membranaceus Extracts [Links, Books, Papers, Patents, Geron A, A' alternate-source version Compositions and Methods for Increasing Telomerase Activity, A'', Geron B, TA Sciences, Images, GAIA Herbs Astragalus Extract, telomere remodeling with cyclic telomerase activation, Notes5/Astragalus Extract Astragalosides Content]. See also Astragalus Root Extracts [Links, Books, Papers, LifeExtension, Amazon]. Solaray Astragalus Root Extract, 6 x 200 mg = 1200mg, provides about 5 mg astragalosides for a cyclic telomerase activation telomeric DNA rejuvenation program. (A 7/8/2009 separate calculation estimated 27.44 mg of astragaloside IV per 6 Solaray pills.) Another alternative uses Herbal Remedies Astragalus 1.25 mg astragalosides per 250 mg cap. Via Nature's Way; Astragalus Extract ( Standardized 0.5% Astragalosides ), 60 VCapsules per bottle, including Astragalus, dried extract 250mg (root) 0.5% astragalosides, with Astragalus (root) 250mg. Four of these capsules yield 5 mg astragalosides. Another approach is to use 5 droppers of Herb Pharm Astragalus Liquid Herbal Extract with 6 x 200 mg capsules of Solaray Astragalus Root Extract and 4-8 x 250 mg capsules of astragalus bioavailability improver Natural Balance Chitosan during the first 15 days of each month of a cyclic telomerase activation/deactivation treatment protocol. Bioavailability can be improved somewhat more by including a capsule or two of astragalus membranaceus root. See Age Transformation and Telomere Remodeling with Cyclic Telomerase Activation. Astragalus Membranaceus Hairy Roots [Links, Papers, Patents, Amazon] "Hairy roots of Astragalus membranaceus were produced with a yield reaching 10 g/L. The results from RP-HPLC detection showed that the contents of crude saponin and astragaloside IV in the hairy roots were 5.81% and 0.14%, respectively. Six flavonoid compounds were also determined. Polysaccharide analysis showed that the total polysaccharide content in the hairy roots was 22.97%; of this content, acidic 8.29% and soluble 14.88%. In comparison with the dry roots, the hairy roots contained higher crude saponin and soluble polysaccharide contents, similar astragaloside IV content and lower contents of 6 isoflavonoids, total and acidic polysaccharides, showing that the quality of both types of roots was similar." - Zheng Z, Liu D, Song C, Cheng C, Hu Z., Chin J Biotechnol. 1998;14(2):93-7, Studies on chemical constituents and immunological function activity of hairy root of Astragalus membranaceus. "Hairy roots of Astragalus membranaceus were grown in bioreactors up to 30 l for 20 d. Cultures from a 30 l airlift bioreactor gave 11.5 g l dry wt with 1.4 mg g 1 astragaloside IV, similar to cultures from 250 ml and 1 l flasks, but greater than yields from a 10 l bioreactor (dry wt 9.4 g l 1, astragaloside IV 0.9 mg g-1). Polysaccharide yields were similar amongst the different bioreactors (range 25-32 mg g-1). The active constituent content of the cells approached that of plant extracts, indicating that large scale hairy root cultures of A. membranaceus has the potential to provide an alternative to plant crops without compromising yield or pharmacological potential." - M. Du, X.J. Wu, J. Ding, Z.B. Hu, K.N. White and C.J. Branford-White, Astragaloside IV and polysaccharide production by hairy roots of Astragalus membranaceus in bioreactors, Journal Biotechnology Letters, Springer Netherlands, Issue Volume 25, Number 21 / November, 2003, pp.1853-1856. Astragalus Membranaceus Root Extract [Links, Papers, Patents; astragalus membranaceus root images from Informaworld, Images/astragalus membranaceus roots]. Astragalus Membranaceus Seeds [Links/Astragalus Membranaceus Seeds, Links/Astragalus Seeds]. Astragalus Polysaccharides [Links, Papers, Patents, Amazon]. Astragalus polysaccharides distinct from the astragalosides may potentiate IL-2 [Wikipedia, Books, Papers, Patents], which is a telomerase activator. They may also activate the genes for anti-viral interferon production. Astrocytes [Links/Astrocytes in aging brain, Books/neurons and aging, Books/glial cell aging, Books/astrocyte aging, LifeExtension/aging neurons, LifeExtension/glial cell aging, LifeExtension/astrocyte aging]. Astron Biosciences [10]. Atherosclerosis [Links, Wikipedia, LifeExtension, LibCong]. Atherosclerotic Plaque [Images, Wikipedia (Atheroma), Amazon, Books, LibCong, LifeExtension; Wikipedia/Atherogenesis, Images] See Life Extension on Endothelial Defense. This plaque is made up of macrophage cells and cell debris containing lipids such as cholesterol and fatty acids, calcium, and fibrous connective tissue in variable amounts. Atherosclerotic plaque may be prevented by several methods, including preventing the senescence of endothelial cells lining the vascular endothelium, say with nitric oxide generated from arginine by exercise to activate telomerase [Vasa, et al., 2000, Hayashi, et. al, 2006]. Nitric oxide-promoting substances such as pomegranate, resveratrol, and cocoa are also used. In NO More Heart Disease, Nobel Prize winner Louis Ignarro recommends using 5 grams of arginine per day with 200 mg to 1 gram of L-citrulline daily in combination with antioxidants to produce nitric oxide for the vascular endothelium tending to frustrate plaque formation. Exercise plus arginine and L-citrulline yields nitric oxide synthase [Links] and longer-lasting nitric oxide for refreshment of the vascular endothelium. Cocoa promotes blood flow for 8 hours after ingestion, and prevents undesirable platelet aggregation leading to the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. Homocysteine blockers [Links, Books, Amazon, LifeExtension/Homocysteine] featuring vitamins B6, B12, folic acid, and TMG (trimethylglycine) are also useful in preventing plaque formation. Jean Calment's high cocoa input from chocolate and high resveratrol input from red wine (also NO-activating), may have helped prevent the senescence of her vascular endothelium, allowing her to hold out for her record-breaking 122 1/3 year life span while fending off heart attack and stroke. Methods for reducing atherosclerotic plaque buildup or atheroma progression include food choices such as consuming omega-3 fats from fish or fish oil instead of taking meat fats or salad dressings rich in omega-6 fats, reduction of abdominal fat, maintenance of low normal blood glucose levels (glycosylated hemoglobin, also called HbA1c, values < 5.0), aerobic or bodybuilding exercise with weights and multivitamin and magnesium supplements. Sometimes inhibitors of the cholesterol synthesis pathway from the statin family of drugs are applied. The statins, however, may require additional CoQ10, as statins often lower CoQ10 unacceptably. Modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis include having diabetes or impaired glucose tolerance, dyslipoproteinemia or unhealthy concentrations of serum proteins carrying fats and cholesterol, high serum concentrations of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) or very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) particles, low serum concentration of functioning high density lipoprotein (HDL), or an LDL:HDL ratio greater than 3:1. Note that tobacco smoking increases atherosclerosis risk, as does high blood pressure or elevated serum C-reactive protein concentrations. Attention Deficit disorder [James South/Attention Deficit disorder]. Aubrey de Grey [Videos, Wikipedia, LifeExtension/Aubrey de Grey], Video: Aging of the Other Genome (de Grey on Aging of the Mitochondiral Genome, 62 minutes.) Austad, Steve N. Why We Age [18]. Autoimmune Disorders and Aging [Ben Best, LifeExtension, Books, LibCong/Autoimmune Disorders, Amazon]. Baldness, treatment of hair loss, [Books, LifeExtension] [74s]. BCAA Branched Chain Amino Acids [Links] - isoleucine, leucine, and valine are thought to turn on muscle synthesis, according to Jim Stoppani PhD of Muscle and Fitness magazine (Fall 2009) in Elements of a Stack. In particular, extra leucine is used with whey protein, together with fast digesting carbohydryates to drive insulin levels up and transport amino acids into cells. Whey protein isolates, possibly micronized, at 20-30 grams may be taken with 5-10 grams of extra leucine and 40-100 grams of dextrose after workouts. Insulin secretions can be further boosted by Gymnema Sylvestre (250-500 mg) to implement a post-workout bodybuilding shake. Whey protein by itself can boost HGH levels, as can bodybuilding exercises in the presence of an adequate diet. The HGH is turned by the liver into IGF-1, which is a telomerase activator for which a receptor exists in almost every human cell. Thus most bodybuilding activity is inherently life extending. See also index entries for Anabolics and Bodybuilding. BCE-001 [Links/BCE-001, Books, LifeExtension], superior Centrophenoxine analogue, theoretical function model due to Prof. Zs.-Nagy (13), improves the penetrability of cell membranes to potassium, so that potassium ion concentration does not build up to a high level in the cell, causing colloidal condensation and dehydration leading to reductions in enzyme function, gene transcription, and protein turnover important for lipofuscin removal. Well-explored for nerve and liver cells. (4). Paul B. Beeson Career Development Awards in Aging Research Program, [4]. Ben Best [Home Page], Reactive Oxygen Species [Books, LifeExtension], Articles on Life Extension, (1), Mechanisms of Aging, by Ben Best. Benfotiamine [Links/Benfotiamine, Wiki, LifeExtension] and Thiamine fat & water-soluble forms of Vitamin B1 that prevent glucose from reacting with protein [QC/Benfotiamine, article, LifeExtension/Benfotiamine, IAAS/Benfotiamine, Books, Ray], counteracting glycation and glucose toxicity. Fujiwara discovered benfotiamine in 1954 in a group of lipid-soluble thiamine derivatives, subsequently named allithiamines [Papers] because they occur naturally in Allium family vegetables--roasted, crushed garlic, onions, leeks, shallots, etc. [Links]. Benfotiamine is capable of normalizing nerve conduction velocity in aging specimens [Links, Papers, LifeLink]. Berries Boost the Heart [Food Navigator/Berries Boost the Heart: blueberries, cranberries, huckleberries], (0). See acai, aronia, bilberry, blackcurrant, blackberry, black soybean hull, blueberry, blue corn, cherry, cranberry, elderberry, grape, grape seed, pomegranate, prune, raspberry, strawberry. Berries according to Life Extension mag, 2001, [LifeExtension/berries, Books/anti-aging berries, Links/anti-aging properties of berries, Books] [25]. Beta Alanine (pron. beta ala-neen) [Links] increases carnosine levels in working muscles by combining with histidine (pron. hiss-ta-deen) [Links], which is present at higher concentrations in muscle tissue. Carnosine raises lowered, acidic pH in muscles, enabling more repetitions. [article]. Carnosine's rejuvenating effect on senescent cells may be related to its ability to restore normal pH, which might be associated with the bringing out of the cytoskeleton in senescent cells. (check). "Excellent sources of alanine include meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy products. Some protein-rich plant foods like avocado also supply alanine." Histidine is also found in meat, poultry, fish, eggs, and dairy products. Histidine is also found in fruits such as bananas and grapes. According to Jim Stoppani PhD of Muscle and Fitness magazine (Fall 2009) in Elements of a Stack, (1) Beta Alanine improves muscle strength, mass, and endurance by reducing muscle acidity and should be taken at the 2-3 grams dosage level with a preworkout shake as part of a pre-workout stack. (2) Glutamine, another element of the Stoppani preworkout stack, taken at 5-10 grams in the preworkout shake, which increases bicarbonate levels, also keeping muscle acidity down. (3) Caffeine, 200-400 mg taken preworkout, increases muscle calcium for superior muscle contraction quality. Beta Ecdysterone [Links], a chemical found in spinach, has anabolic properties increasing muscle growth 20% according to recent studies at Rutgers University. Muscle & Fitness magazine recommends 100 mg with meals and before and after a workout, 400-500 mg/day. It may be that beta ecdysterone (20-hydroxyecdysone) from spinach activates telomerase like ecdysone, an insect hormone. 20-hydroxyecdysterone is derived from ecdysterone in insects. Compare the molecules: Wiki/20-Hydroxyecdysone and Wiki/Ecdysone [Links]. However, it seems no one claims that beta ecdysterone boosts the immune system, which would be true if it had the telomerase activation properties we are seeking. Beta Galactosidase [Wikipedia, Links] is often used to test for cellular senescence. Salivary levels of this enzyme were found to be correlated with oral malodor. (Wikipedia/Halitosis). I note that subtelomeric sequences turned on in late life by the telomere position effect encode olfactory receptor proteins enhancing our sense of smell, in addition to activating zinc fingers that may be associated with old age side effects in gene expression. Beta Glucan, for immune system enhancement and cancer treatment, [Links, Books, LifeExtension, Ray]. Beta Sitosterol [Wikipedia, Images, Links]. Used together with saw palmetto to treat BPH (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia) or male pattern baldness [74s]. Bibliography [Longevity/Bibliography of Anti-Aging Medicine]. Bilberries [Medi-Share/Bilberries, QC, LifeExtension, Links, Ray, Wikipedia], contain anthocyanidins, slow brain aging, improve night vision, and are used to strengthen capillary and vein walls to guard against purpura and stroke. [25j]. Note that the anthocyanins (glucosides of anthocyanidins) differ from the anthocyanidins by the presence of a sugar in the molecule. Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics [Boomer/Bioavailability and Pharmacokinetics, [Books/Bioavailability, LibCong/Bioavailability, Books/Pharmacokinetics, LibCong/Pharmacokinetics], [42s], [83s]. Bioavailability links and Pharmacokinetics with Pharmacokinetics links. See The Merck Manual on Bioavailability. See also the journal of Chemical Speciation and Bioavailability, the NIH page on Bioavailability of Nutrients and Supplements. Also see links of The USC Laboratory of Applied Pharmacokinetics and Boomer's Phamacokinetic Resources with A First Course in Pharmacokinetics and Biopharmaceutics by David Bourne, PhD. Biocompare [Biocompare site index Buyers Guide for Life Scientists. Bioflavinoids [Links/Bioflavinoids, Books, LibCong, Links, LifeExtension, Wikipedia] - Vitamin C with Bioflavinoids, [31]. Bioinformatics (Basic Bioinformatics Tools:Wikipedia | Wikigenes | iHOP, GeneCards) [ Wikipedia/Bioinformatics, Wikigenes, IndexEH/Gene, LibCong, Links, Books, Amazon]. See Biomolecular Interaction Network Data Base (BIND), Dolan DNA Learning Center of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Ensembl!, ExPASy (Expert Protein Analysis System) Proteomics Server, PhosphoSitePlus for Protein Phosphorylation Data, FlyBase, Howard Hughes Medical Institute/Biointeractive, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), NCBI Blast!, NCBI Online Medelian Inheritance in Man, Nobel Prize Winners, Protein Data Bank, Protein Explorer Front Door, UnitProt/Swiss-Prot, U.S. National Institutes of Health, and WormBase, Molecular Biology Cyberlab of the University of Illinois. Also see the National Cancer Institute proteomics site, and the Korean site Seoulin Virtual Biology. Also see Pathway Analysis [Links, Books, LibCong, LibCong, Amazon; Links/Pathway Analysis Software, SA Biosciences/Pathway Central, Biocarta Pathways, Biocarta Pathways/Telomeres, Telomerase, Cellular Aging, and Immortality, Wiki/David_(bioinfomatics_tool)(Links), KEGG Pathway Data Base(Links), Wikipedia/NCI-Nature Pathway Interaction Database(Links)]. See also Gene Chips(Wiki/DNA microarray) - Affymetrix/Products & Services, SA Biosciences, Links/Gene Chips, Links/Transcripomics. See also Wiki/Systems biology, (Links/Systems biology), Links/Protein Microarrays, Links/Cellular Microarrays, Links/Antibody Microarrays, Links/Tissue Microarrays, and Links/Chemical Compound Microarrays. Also see Cytogenetics [Cytogenetics Resources, Links/Cytogenetics; Links/Molecular Cytogenetics, Books, Amazon]. Biogerontology [Biological Gerontology.com, Links, Links/Biogerontology Journals, Books, LibCong, Papers], also see the on-line journal Biogerontology, Biological Gerontology.com, (1). Biomarkers of Longevity [Books, Links, Papers, LifeExtension, Ben Best] LifeXLabs, [77]. The DHEA-S rate of change of rhesus monkeys was 2.1 times the human rate, about equal to their lifespan ratio. "Testing prospective physiological and/or molecular biomarkers for a defined period of time on both humans and shorter-lived species to see if they are proportional should allow the identification of prospective human biomarkers." - p.78, Arking. Biomarkers of Aging [Books, Links, Papers, LifeExtension, Ben Best, LifeXLabs]. Biopsy [Links, Wikipedia, Books, LibCong, Amazon; Links/biopsy instruments]. Bioreactors [Links, Amazon, LibCong] Airlift bioreactors [Links] may be used to prepare hairy roots of Astragalus Membranaceus, for instance. Bioregulators and Aging [Books/aging and bioregulators, Links/aging and bioregulators, Books/peptide bioregulators, Links/peptide bioregulators, LifeExtension]. Biosafety [Books, Amazon, LibCong, Links]. Biotechnology [Links, Books, Amazon, LibCong, Wikipedia]. Biotechnology Industry Organization [Bio.org Index, Links/Biotechnology Industry, Videos, Books, LibCong, Amazon]. Blackberries, [LifeExtension, Books/Blackberry antioxidants, Links, Wikipedia], the Hull thornless blackberry is the most highly antioxidant berry, [25L]. Blackburn, Elizabeth [Home Page at UCSF, Publication List, Wikipedia, Links, Books, Images, Video, Papers, Patents] Codiscoverer of the telomere [Links] sequence in the cilliate Tetrahymena (1978), codiscoverer of the enzyme telomerase (1985). Elizabeth Blackburn, Carol Grieder, and Jack Szostak shared the 2009 Nobel Prize in Medicine (Links) for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase. See the Nobel Prize Winner's essay Telomeres and Telomerase: the path from maize, Tetrahymena, and yeast to human cancer and aging by Elizabeth H. Blackburn, Carol W. Grieder, and Jack W. Szostak. Blood-Brain Barrier [Wikipedia, Links]. Blood Pressure [Wikipedia, LifeExtension, Links, Books; Links/Blood Pressure and Aging, Books/Blood Pressure and Aging, LibCong; Links/Measuring Blood Pressure, Books/Measuring Blood Pressure, Images/Measuring Blood Pressure; Wikipedia/Sphygmomanometer, Links/Sphygmomanometer]. Blood Tests [Wikipedia, Links, Books, Amazon, LifeExtension, LifeXLabs; Links/Blood Tests in Anti-Aging Medicine, Books/Blood Tests in Anti-Aging Medicine; Links/Telomere Length in Blood Granulocytes; Links/Measuring Telomere Length in Blood Granulocytes, Books, Papers; TA Sciences, Greta Blackburn Letter on 460 bp/year using Patton Protocol]. Blood Volume in Aging [Books, Amazon, in Mortality Charts]. Blueberries [WhFoods/Blueberries, Books, LifeExtension, Links, Wikipedia] contain powerful life-extending polyphenols, [Links/Blueberry polyphenols] [25a]. Bodybuilding [Bodybuilding History, Wikpedia/Bodybuilding, Books, Amazon, LibCong, Links, LifeExtension, FLEX, Muscle & Fitness, Iron Man, Links/Bodybuilding & Fitness Magazine, Bodybuilding magazine links], bodybuilding physiology (Books), amino acids and bodybuilding, bodybuilding supplement links, [20], [21], [22]. One of the most interesting insights of academic muscle physiology [Links, Links/bodybuilding muscle physiology, Books, Amazon] is that the muscle extension phase (eccentric contraction, letting the weight back down with the muscle growing longer rather than shorter) stimulates muscle growth more than other phases in muscle exercise. The muscle is most vulnerable to injury in this phase of the motion. In general, progressive resistance exercise, in which weights are gradually increased, seems to be most beneficial to bodybuilding. See IndexAB/Anabolics and IndexAB/Branched Chain Amino Acids. Note that whey protein stimulates HGH (Human Growth Hormone) release, giving an anabolic boost to bodybuilding. CDP-choline, arginine, ornithine, glycine, glutamine, and niacin (vitamin B3) can help support HGH secretion, assist muscle growth and recovery from exercise. HGH secretagogue formulas elevate HGH levels and assist with muscle growth, and can be used to reprogram height during the vertical growth phase between 15 and 25 years of age. Creatine monohydrate (IndexCD/Creatine), converted to creatine phosphate in the muscle, improves muscle contraction quality, improving lifting rapidly. Nitric oxide from L-arginine (5 gr/day) plus L-citrulline (200 mg/day - 1 gram/day) in the presence of nitric oxide synthase from exercise, improves circulation and the youthful vitality of stem cells and vascular endothelial cells. See also Muscle and Fitness [Muscle and Fitness Magazine, [20]], Iron Man Magazine, Links/Iron Man magazine, Links/Jerry Brainum, Bodybuilding Physiology [Links, Books, Amazon], Muscle Physiology [Links, Books, Amazon], and Bodybuilding Supplements [Links, Books, Amazon]. Carbo-loading [Links, Papers, Books]. Taking carbohydrates like baked potatoes prior to a workout can be used to build supplies of muscle glycogen for endurance-oriented exercise. It can almost double the amount of muscle glycogen available for a trained athlete. Muscle Definition and Fat Loss [Links, Books, Amazon]. Apple polyphenols can lower body fat. There are about 200 mg of polyphenols per apple. FLEX magazine recommends 500 mg before breakfast and dinner, with one apple before workouts to improve definition. Bone Cancer [Links, Images, Books, Amazon, LifeExtension, Wikipedia/bone_tumor]. See also Mortality Charts/Cancer, and index entries anticancer diet followed by anticarcinogens and cancer. Bone cancer often results from cancer metastasis. For instance, breast cancer cells metastasize to the lung, liver, brain, bone and other organs. In advanced prostate cancer (a carcinoma of epithelial cells) patients experience cancer metastases to bone. Patients may face excruciating bone pain. (See treating cancer bone pain). As tumor cells cause calcium to be displaced into the blood, bone fractures may cause disabilities. The incidence of skeletal metastases is lower with treatment using bisphosphonate drugs like clodronate inhibiting osteoclast activity, also reducing bone pain. Typically, 800 milligrams of clodronate is given twice a day to prevent cancer metastasis to bone. Multiple myeloma [Links, Wikipedia, Books, Amazon], a bone marrow cancer involving cancerous B-lymphocytes originating from a lymph node germinal center that also destroys bone tissue, may also be treated with clodronate or with a more expensive biphosphonate drug approved of by the FDA in 1996 called pamidronate and sold as "Aredia" for about $2000/month in a typical program of treatment. "Multiple myeloma is the second most prevalent blood cancer (10%) after non-Hodgkin's lymphoma". For a free directory of offshore companies that ship some unapproved medications, such as relatively inexpensive clodronate, to Americans, write to: International Society for Free Choice, 9 Dubnoc Street, 64368 Tel Aviv, Israel. (See Battling Back Against Cancer-Induced Bone Metastasis and Pain by William Faloon, Life Extension Magazine, January 1999.) Note that keeping telomeres long with telomerase activation from astragalus extracts, TA-65, cycloastragenol, astragaloside IV, or other telomerase activators keeps epithelial cells from the telomeric crisis associated with cells driven to divide past the M1 checkpoint for cellular senescence, preventing carcinomas, which may happen when the telomeres are short enough to fuse at the endpoints, after which further cell division produces cancer cells. Also, maintaining long telomeres allows cytotoxic T-cells in the immune system to divide more to counteract insults to the immune system that can result in cytotoxic T-cells too senescent to mount an effective blockade against internally defective or cancerous cells. T-cell functions might be weakened by wet exposure to very many sexual partners, for instance, after an orgy of cytotoxic T-cell division to produce cells to deal with foreign material. Immune function (defending the body against pathogens and its own tumor cells) declines dramatically with age, especially in T cell proliferative activity, as documented extensively in animals and in studies of the elderly. A similar proliferative decline is also seen in long-term T lymphocyte cultures used to study in vitro cellular senescence. Results suggest that the Hayflick cell division limit phenomenon leads to immunosenescence, which may be treated with telomerase activation medicines. Bone Growth [Links, Amazon, LifeExtension; Links/bone growth and hormones; Books/bone growth for height, Papers, LibCong] Bone length growth stops in early adulthood at about age 25, when epiphyseal plates [Images] containing hyaline cartilage [Images] at the ends of the bone become epiphyseal lines [Images], but bones can grow in thickness in response to stress from handling weights later in life. Using small molecule telomerase activators to return to an early stage of development just might be possible, to continue growth and development by supplying the proper bone growth factors, including minerals, other nutrients, and hormones such as HGH stimulated by whey protein in milk, cottage cheese, or yogurt. Consider vitamin D3, vitamin K, calcium, magnesium, and vitamin C for collagen synthesis important in bone growth. In the future, man may resemble a lobster that continues to grow in height and weight throughout his life span, unless he modifies his supplements program to prevent further growth. See world's tallest man Leonid Stadnik [Links]. Greater height requires more food per unit time, and finally increasing height can become suboptimal for various reasons, including peer group approval. See also Bone Repair [Links, LifeExtension; Books/bone repair, Papers]. Note that CDP-choline can improve HGH levels 4x (LEF, Mar.2009), and that Wheat Germ [Links] may have application to bone growth. See Hodgson Mill Untoasted Wheat Germ. Note also that grape seed extract promotes bone formation. Bone marrow stem cells [Anti-Aging Guide/Bone marrow stem cells, Links, Books, Amazon, LibCong, LifeExtension, Wikipedia/Bone Marrow], at Aastrom Biosciences, (8). Bone Marrow Transplant [Links, Wikipedia, Books, Amazon, LibCong, LifeExtension]. Boron [Links/Boron and the prostate, LifeExtension] Boron slows the elevation of prostate-specific antigens (PSAs) because of a positive effect on protein-degrading enzymes of the prostate. It is also used to restore bone [Links/Boron and bone restoration]. Botanical Medicines [Links, Books, Wikipedia, Botanical Medicines by McKenna, et al.,/Astragalus, Amazon, LibCong, Phytochemicals as Nutraceuticals by Ben Best]. See also Botanical Medicine [Books, Amazon, LibCong], Phytochemicals [Books, Amazon], Phytomedicine [Books, Amazon, LibCong]. Brain [Links, Images, Video, Books, Amazon, LibCong, Atlases, Links/Brain atlas, LifeExtension, Wikipedia, LifeExtension], [95]. See also Internet Use "Good for the Brain". Brain, building a better one, [43s]. Breeding to improve longevity [Ben Best/Breeding to improve longevity, Links, Books, Papers, LifeExtension] - Use nearly the last available eggs before menopause, works for Drosophila. [39s] Bristlecone pine [Photo, Wikipedia, Links, Images, Books] lives up to 5,000 years = 1.825 x 106 days. Sometimes bristlecone pines remind me of an artist's series I have seen at WSU, "The Clan of Munes", in which the munes were driftwood people. Broccoli [WhFoods/Broccoli, Books/Anti-Aging Broccoli, Books/Anti-Cancer Broccoli, Links/Anti-Cancer Broccoli, LifeExtension, Wikipedia], [25f], [33,34,35]. Broccoli sprouts [Links, Books, Wikipedia, LifeExtension], Links, indole-3-carbonol, anti-cancer sulforaphane [25f], [36s] (e), Brocolli sprouts and sulforaphane, sulforaphane and isothiocyanates, [25f], [34,35]. Broccoli and broccoli sprouts reduce prostate cancer risk. Bromelain, anti-cancer substance in pineapple, [QC, Books, LibCong, Links, Images/Bromelain Supplements, LifeExtension, Wikipedia] [36s] (p). Buck Institute for Age Research Site/Buck Institute for Age Research. |
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